Journal of Baghdad College of Dentistry
https://jbcd.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/jbcd
<p><strong><span class="s2"><span class="bumpedFont15">Journal of Baghdad College of Dentistry (JBCD)</span></span><span class="s3"><span class="bumpedFont15"> </span></span></strong><span class="s3"><span class="bumpedFont15">is the official publication of the College of Dentistry</span></span><span class="s3"><span class="bumpedFont15">,</span></span><span class="s3"><span class="bumpedFont15"> University of Baghdad. It is a peer-reviewed, </span></span><span class="s3"><span class="bumpedFont15">o</span></span><span class="s3"><span class="bumpedFont15">pen</span></span><span class="s3"><span class="bumpedFont15">-a</span></span><span class="s3"><span class="bumpedFont15">ccess scientific journal that is published quarterly. It publishes original research articles, review articles, and clinical studies covering all areas of dentistry, including periodontics, orthodontics, </span></span><span class="s3"><span class="bumpedFont15">restorative</span></span> <span class="s3"><span class="bumpedFont15">and aesthetic dentistry, preventive and pediatric dentistry, prosthodontics, oral medicine and pathology, oral and maxillofacial surgery, dental biomaterials, as well as clinically relevant oral biology. The journal's editorial board represents an international composition of eminent researchers in dentistry from across the globe. The </span></span><span class="s3"><span class="bumpedFont15">j</span></span><span class="s3"><span class="bumpedFont15">ournal aims to influence the dental practice at clinic</span></span><span class="s3"><span class="bumpedFont15">al</span></span><span class="s3"><span class="bumpedFont15">, research and industry levels on an international basis.</span></span></p>College of dentistry/ University of baghdadenJournal of Baghdad College of Dentistry1817-1869<p>Licenses and Copyright</p> <p> </p> <p>The following policy applies in The Journal of Baghdad College of Dentistry (JBCD):</p> <p> <br /># JBCD applies the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license to articles and other works we publish. If you submit your paper for publication by JBCD, you agree to have the CC BY license applied to your work. Under this Open Access license, you as the author agree that anyone can reuse your article in whole or part for any purpose, for free, even for commercial purposes. Anyone may copy, distribute, or reuse the content as long as the author and original source are properly cited. This facilitates freedom in re-use and also ensures that JBCD content can be mined without barriers for the needs of research.</p> <p># If your manuscript contains content such as photos, images, figures, tables, audio files, videos, etc., that you or your co-authors do not own, we will require you to provide us with proof that the owner of that content (a) has given you written permission to use it, and (b) has approved of the CC BY license being applied to their content. We provide a form you can use to ask for and obtain permission from the owner. If you do not have owner permission, we will ask you to remove that content and/or replace it with other content that you own or have such permission to use.Don't assume that you can use any content you find on the Internet, or that the content is fair game just because it isn't clear who the owner is or what license applies.</p> <p># Many authors assume that if they previously published a paper through another publisher, they own the rights to that content and they can freely use that content in their paper, but that’s not necessarily the case, it depends on the license that covers the other paper. Some publishers allow free and unrestricted re-use of article content they own, such as under the CC BY license. Other publishers use licenses that allow re-use only if the same license is applied by the person or publisher re-using the content. If the paper was published under a CC BY license or another license that allows free and unrestricted use, you may use the content in your JBCD paper provided that you give proper attribution, as explained above.If the content was published under a more restrictive license, you must ascertain what rights you have under that license. At a minimum, review the license to make sure you can use the content. Contact that JBCD if you have any questions about the license. If the license does not permit you to use the content in a paper that will be covered by an unrestricted license, you must obtain written permission from the publisher to use the content in your JBCD paper. Please do not include any content in your JBCD paper which you do not have rights to use, and always give proper attribution.</p> <p># If any relevant accompanying data is submitted to repositories with stated licensing policies, the policies should not be more restrictive than CC BY.</p> <p># JBCD reserves the right to remove any photos, captures, images, figures, tables, illustrations, audio and video files, and the like, from any paper, whether before or after publication, if we have reason to believe that the content was included in your paper without permission from the owner of the content.</p>Evaluation of three physical mixing methods of nanoparticles to orthodontic primer
https://jbcd.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/jbcd/article/view/3585
<p>Background: Demineralization and white spot lesions are the most common complications in fixed orthodontic treatment. It is useful to enhance the remineralization properties of the orthodontic primer by the addition of remineralizing agents. Fluoride and calcium are regarded as the main component of enamel fluorohydroxyapatite crystals. This pilot study compared three mixing methods of calcium fluoride nanoparticles (nCaF<sub>2</sub>) with conventional orthodontic primer (Transbond XT<sup>TM</sup>) to develop a primer with enamel remineralization properties. Materials and methods: The nanoparticles were added to Transbond XT<sup>TM</sup> primer to form 20% (w/w) of the final solution. Three dark plastic bottles were prepared and stored until mixing. The first sample was mixed by a Vortex machine, the second was mixed with an electric agitator, and the third one was mixed with a customized plastic spatula adapted to a dental engine and a straight handpiece. Cured blocks of the developed primer were prepared and were examined for homogeneity, cracks, and agglomeration of the nanoparticles within the primer using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESM). Results: The third Sample showed a continuous distribution of nanoparticles with no apparent cracks or agglomeration of nanoparticles. In contrast, a higher agglomeration was seen in the first sample than in the other two. Conclusion: Mixing of nCaF<sub>2</sub> with Transbond XT<sup>TM</sup> orthodontic primer was best achieved by the customized plastic spatula adapted to a dental engine compared to Vortex and electric agitator machines.</p>
Research Articlescalcium fluoride, nanoparticles, orthodontic primerRawof R Al Tuma Yassir A Yassir Grant T McIntyre
Copyright (c) 2024 Rawof R Al Tuma , Yassir A Yassir , Grant T McIntyre
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
2024-03-152024-03-151810.26477/jbcd.v36i1.3585Serum levels of antimicrobial peptides (Cathelicidins and Beta Defensins-1) in patients with periodontitis
https://jbcd.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/jbcd/article/view/3586
<p>Background: periodontitis is a multifactorial oral inflammatory disease characterized by the gradual loss of bone and eventual tooth loss. It starts with microbes and is then influenced by the environment. A diverse family of host defense major compounds known as antimicrobial peptides react quickly to combat microbial invasion and challenge. These little cationic peptides are crucial for the development of innate immunity. The goal of this study was to evaluate the blood levels of healthy individuals and patients with periodontitis for cathelicidins and human beta-defensin-1. In this case-control study, 35 healthy volunteers (matched exactly by age and sex to the patients) and 50 periodontitis patients (aged 20 to 59) participated. In this investigation, periodontal parameters such as plaque index, gingival index bleeding on probing, probing pocket depth, and clinical attachment loss were employed. The levels of cathelicidins and human beta-defensin-1 in patients and controls were estimated using ELISA after blood samples from all individuals were taken. The current findings showed that the mean levels of cathelicidin and human beta defensin-1 were significantly higher (P˂0.01) in the patient group compared to the control group, and that there was no significant correlation with all clinical periodontal parameters. These findings support the notion that antimicrobial peptides play a crucial role in periodontitis' inflammatory process.</p>
Research Articlesperiodontitis, antimicrobial peptides, cathelicidins, human beta defensins-1Fatima Z Al-Daragi Batool H Al-Ghurabi Nik Nairan Abdullah
Copyright (c) 2024 Fatima Z Al-Daragi , Batool H Al-Ghurabi , Nik Nairan Abdullah
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
2024-03-152024-03-1591810.26477/jbcd.v36i1.3586Salivary irisin in relation to recurrent aphthous ulcerand weight status in Diyala city/Iraq
https://jbcd.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/jbcd/article/view/3587
<p>Background<strong>:</strong> Recurrent aphthous stomatitis remains the most common ulcerative disease of the oral mucosa that exists as painfull round shallow ulcers with a well-defined erythematous margin and a yellowish grey pseudomembranous centre. Salivary irisin is an identified adipomyokine and research has revealed that it has an anti-inflammatory effect and is a novel myokine; it is synthesized in <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/skeletal-muscle">skeletal muscle</a> and adipose tissue. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the relation of salivary irisin to recurrent aphthous ulcers and weight status in Diyala City / Iraq. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional comparative study was carried out during the period from the end of December (2021) until the end of March (2022). The total sample size composed of all patients attending a specialised dental center in Ba’aquba / Diyala governorate with recurrent aphthous ulcers of both gender and ages ranged from 20-30 years (100 patients consider the study group) assessed according to the directions suggested by the WHO (1997) and compared to the control group free from this lesion (100 patients consider the control group) matching in age and sex. The weight status was assessed using the digital weight scale. The sub samples of 45 from each study and the control group were selected to analyse salivary irisin. The description of data, presentation, and analysis process is carried out through the use of the SPSS package (SPSS version 22, Chicago, Illinois, USA). For the quantitative variable mean, the standard deviation (SD) was used. Frequency and percentage are used for the qualitative variable. The independent sample T test was used for the difference between the two groups. Pearson’s correlation was used for the linear correlation between two quantitative variables. Results: The highest percentage of recurrent aphthous ulcer was found in the lower lip. The mean value of irisin was higher among the study group than in the control group. The mean value of the body mass index among the control group was higher than that of the study group. When correlating the body mass index with salivary irisin, it is a positive weak not significant correlation. Conclusions: This study concluded that there is an elevated level of irisin among recurrent aphthous ulcers, in addition to that, the recurrent aphthous ulcer decreases the body mass index.</p>
Research ArticlesIrisin, recurrent aphthous ulcer, weight statusAya K TaherNada JMH Radhi
Copyright (c) 2024 Aya K Taher, Nada JMH Radhi
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
2024-03-152024-03-15192610.26477/jbcd.v36i1.3587A clinicopathological analysis of 151 odontogenic tumors based on new WHO classification 2022: A retrospective cross-sectional study
https://jbcd.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/jbcd/article/view/3588
<p>Background: Odontogenic tumors are a diverse group of lesions with a variety of clinical behavior and histopathologic subtypes, from hamartomatous and benign to malignant. The study aimed to examine the clinical and pathological features of odontogenic tumors in Baghdad over the last 11 years (2011–2021). Materials and Methods: The present retrospective study analyzed all formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue blocks of patients diagnosed with an odontogenic tumor that were retrieved from archives at a teaching hospital/College of Dentistry in Baghdad University, Iraq, between 2011 and 2021. The diagnosis of each case was confirmed by examining the hematoxylin and eosin stained sections by two expert pathologists. Data from patients' case sheets were collected, including age, gender, location, and histopathological information. The type of lesions was evaluated based on the World Health Organization's most recent classification (March 2022). Results: There were 151 odontogenic tumor during this period. The most common type (39.1%) was Solid ameloblastoma. The mandibular tumors (76.8%) were more than the maxillary tumors (23.2%). The female to male ratio was 1.1:1. The most cases are found between the 2nd and 5th decades of life. Conclusions: Solid ameloblastoma was the most common odontogenic tumor, while primordial odontogenic tumor was the rarest, Odontogenic tumors were slightly more common in females than in males, the most common cases occur in the mandible., the outcome of the study gives valuable information regarding the patients' profile and type of odontogenic tumors over 11 years, which could aid in the early diagnosis and enhance the intervention.</p>
Research Articlesodontogenic tumors, Ameloblastoma, Keratocyst; WHO 2022Haider H Al-Qazzaz Bashar H Abdullah Saleh J Jany
Copyright (c) 2024 Haider H Al-Qazzaz , Bashar H Abdullah , Saleh J Jany
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
2024-03-152024-03-15273310.26477/jbcd.v36i1.3588Efficiency of osseodensification versus screw expansion technique for augmentation of narrow alveolar ridges: A comparative clinical study
https://jbcd.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/jbcd/article/view/3589
<p>Background:<strong> </strong>Alveolar ridge expansion is proposed when the alveolar crest thickness is ≤5 mm. The screw expansion technique has been utilized for many years to expand narrow alveolar ridges. Recently, the osseodensification technique has been suggested as a reliable technique to expand narrow alveolar ridges with effective width gain and as little surgical operating time as possible. The current study aimed to compare osseodensification and screw expansion in terms of clinical width gain and operating time.<strong> </strong>Materials and methods: Forty implant osteotomies were performed in deficient horizontal alveolar ridges (3–5 mm). A total of 19 patients aged 21–59 years were randomized into two groups: the screw expansion group, which involved 20 osteotomies performed by screw expander drills, and osseodensification group, which comprised 20 osteotomies achieved by osseodensification drilling technique. One millimetre below the alveolar bone crest was measured with a bone caliper at two intervals (before implant osteotomy and after implant osteotomy), and operating time was assessed.<strong> </strong>Results: Before expansion, the mean alveolar ridge width was 4.20 ± 0.71 mm in the osseodensification group and 4.52 ± 0.53 mm in the screw-expansion group. No statistically significant difference in alveolar bone width before expansion was found between the groups (P > 0.05). After the expansion of the alveolar ridge with osseodensification or screw expansion techniques, the average ridge width was 5.48 ± 0.57 mm in the osseodensification group and 5.71 ± 0.53 mm in the screw-expansion group. Difference in width gain postoperatively between the groups was 0.09 mm, which was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). According to operating time, osseodensification consumed 6.21 ± 0.55 minutes, and screw expansion required 16.32 ± 0.60 minutes for a single implant with a significant difference between the groups (P < 0.0001).<strong> </strong>Conclusion: Alveolar bone expansion by osseodensification showed comparable width gain and less surgical operating time compared with expansion by screw expansion technique.</p>
Research ArticlesOsseodensification, screw expansion, narrow alveolar ridgeNawfal H Tofan Ali HA Al-Hussaini Nazih S Mustafa
Copyright (c) 2024 Nawfal H Tofan , Ali HA Al-Hussaini , Nazih S Mustafa
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
2024-03-152024-03-15344310.26477/jbcd.v36i1.3589Assessment of the correlation between the tensile and diametrical compression strengths of 3D-printed denture base resin reinforced with ZrO2 nanoparticles
https://jbcd.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/jbcd/article/view/3590
<p>Background: The mechanical properties of 3D-printed denture base resins are crucial factors for determining the quality and performance of dentures inside a patient’s mouth. Tensile strength and diametral compressive strength are two properties that could play significant roles in assessing the suitability of a material. Although they measure different aspects of material behavior, a conceptual link exists between them in terms of overall material strength and resilience. Aim: This study aims to investigate the correlation between tensile strength and diametral compressive strength after incorporating 2% ZrO<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles (NPs) by weight into 3D-printed denture base resin. Methods: A total of 40 specimens (20 dumbbell-shaped and 20 disc-shaped) were produced via 3D printing and divided into two groups (n = 10): (1) 3D-printed denture base resin without NPs and (2) the resin was strengthened with 2% by weight ZrO<sub>2</sub> NPs. Tensile strength and diametral compressive strength were assessed using a universal testing machine. Results: A detrimental relationship was observed between the tensile strength and diametral compressive strength of 3D-printed denture base resin after the addition of NPs. Conclusion: The enhancement of one property does not necessarily mean the enhancement of another. Caution should be taken to not endanger the quality of a material.</p>
Research Articles3D-printed resin, tensile strength, diametral compressive strength, correlation, ZrO2 nanoparticlesMarwa F Al-Sammraaie Abdalbseet A Fatalla Zaid R Atarchi
Copyright (c) 2024 Marwa F Al-Sammraaie , Abdalbseet A Fatalla , Zaid R Atarchi
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
2024-03-152024-03-15445310.26477/jbcd.v36i1.3590The advancement in irrigation solution within the field of endodontics, A Review
https://jbcd.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/jbcd/article/view/3591
<p>The purpose of endodontic treatment is to eliminate all germs, microbial by-products, and vital tissues from the root canal system. Root canals can be mechanically and chemically used for this purpose. The needs and details of the irrigation solutions are described in this article. Because of its wide range of antibacterial activities and its ability to dissolve organic tissues, sodium hypochlorite is suggested as the main irrigation. On the contrary, chelation solutions are recommended as supplemental treatments to either eliminate the smear layer or prevent it from forming on the dentin surface. Data: Only articles that were published electronically were searched within the review. Sources: ‘Google Scholar’ and "Pub-med" websites were used to search data, The most papers related to the topic were chosen, specifically original articles , including only articles from 1999 to 2023.Journal papers that weren't published in a highly regarded publication, irrelevant studies, editorials, personal viewpoints, and social media sources were all disqualified from consideration. 98 articles were retained after the filtering procedure. In conclusion, this article reviews many types of new irrigations that may be used in endodontic practice in the future. </p>
Review Articlesantibacterial, biofilm, drawback, sodium hypochloriteFatima Fahad Raghad A Al-Hashimi Munther J Hussain
Copyright (c) 2024 Fatima Fahad , Raghad A Al-Hashimi , Munther J Hussain
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
2024-03-152024-03-15546910.26477/jbcd.v36i1.3591Antibacterial effect of green tea against Porphyromonas gingivalis: a literature review
https://jbcd.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/jbcd/article/view/3592
<p>Green tea is regarded as a healthy beverage due to the biological action of polyphenols, specifically catechins. Researchers investigated the inhibitory effects of green tea (<em>Camellia sinensis</em>) plant on both Gram- positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Periodontitis is mainly initiated when dysbiosis of the subgingival microbiome takes place. <em>Porphyromonas gingivalis</em> is one of the key pathogens involved in the initiation and progression of periodontitis when its levels in subgingival biofilm overwhelm the host's immune system. It is the main pathogen that is significantly linked to severe periodontal disease. In this study, details about P. gingivalis including information about its structure, virulence factors were provided. Next, Important points related to green tea, including its active ingredients and antibacterial activity, have been clarified. Finally, the objective of this study was to demonstrate how green tea has antibacterial effects on P. gingivalis.</p>
Review ArticlesGreen tea, P. gingivalis, PeriodontitisMurtadha IA AlameerHayder R Abdulbaqi Dinesh Martin
Copyright (c) 2024 Murtadha IA Alameer, Hayder R Abdulbaqi , Dinesh Martin
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
2024-03-152024-03-15707810.26477/jbcd.v36i1.3592