Assessment of surface microhardness of enamel surface treated with Nano- HAP serum before and after bleaching
Main Article Content
Abstract
Background: Although bleaching is typically considered a safe procedure, various investigations have found minor negative effects and changes in mineral composition. The aim was to Evaluate and compare the efficacy of using Nanohydroxyapatite serum on surface microhardness of enamel surface before and after bleaching with chemically cured Boost bleaching. Material and methods: ten sound human permanent upper and lower premolar teeth were used and their roots were removed 2 mm apically to the cementoenamel junction, the crowns were sectioned mesiodistally into two halves buccal and lingual/palatal, the buccal surface was further subdivided into two halves. The samples were embeded in an acrylic resin, resulting in 30 specimens divided into 3 groups: Control group: using Boost bleaching and stored in artificial saliva for 14 days, prevention group: nanohydroxyaptite (n-HAP) serum applied 2-3 min once daily for 10 days followed by bleaching then stored for 14 days in artificial saliva and treatment group: in which bleaching used before nanohydroxyapatite serum and stored in artificial saliva for 14 days. The samples were subjected to a Vickers microhardness test measured at 4 times: base line, after nanohydroxyapatitem, after one day of bleaching and after storage in artificial saliva for 14 days in all groups. The data were analyzed statistically using repeated analysis of variance (ANOVA) test followed by Tukey's test. Results: there was a significant increase in microhardness in the prevention group (p<0.05) while there was no significant difference in microhardness readings in control and treatment groups (p> 0.05). Conclusion: n-HAP may enhance the microhardness of a bleached enamel surface when used as a preventive & treatment measure. Suggested that a higher increase in enamel microhardness occurs when n-HAP is used for 2-3 min once daily for 10 days before bleaching and maintaining this increase even after storage for 14 days in artificial saliva.
Received date: 01-03-2023
Accepted date: 06-04-2023
Published date: 15-09-2024
Downloads
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Licenses and Copyright
The following policy applies in The Journal of Baghdad College of Dentistry (JBCD):
# JBCD applies the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license to articles and other works we publish. If you submit your paper for publication by JBCD, you agree to have the CC BY license applied to your work. Under this Open Access license, you as the author agree that anyone can reuse your article in whole or part for any purpose, for free, even for commercial purposes. Anyone may copy, distribute, or reuse the content as long as the author and original source are properly cited. This facilitates freedom in re-use and also ensures that JBCD content can be mined without barriers for the needs of research.
# If your manuscript contains content such as photos, images, figures, tables, audio files, videos, etc., that you or your co-authors do not own, we will require you to provide us with proof that the owner of that content (a) has given you written permission to use it, and (b) has approved of the CC BY license being applied to their content. We provide a form you can use to ask for and obtain permission from the owner. If you do not have owner permission, we will ask you to remove that content and/or replace it with other content that you own or have such permission to use.Don't assume that you can use any content you find on the Internet, or that the content is fair game just because it isn't clear who the owner is or what license applies.
# Many authors assume that if they previously published a paper through another publisher, they own the rights to that content and they can freely use that content in their paper, but that’s not necessarily the case, it depends on the license that covers the other paper. Some publishers allow free and unrestricted re-use of article content they own, such as under the CC BY license. Other publishers use licenses that allow re-use only if the same license is applied by the person or publisher re-using the content. If the paper was published under a CC BY license or another license that allows free and unrestricted use, you may use the content in your JBCD paper provided that you give proper attribution, as explained above.If the content was published under a more restrictive license, you must ascertain what rights you have under that license. At a minimum, review the license to make sure you can use the content. Contact that JBCD if you have any questions about the license. If the license does not permit you to use the content in a paper that will be covered by an unrestricted license, you must obtain written permission from the publisher to use the content in your JBCD paper. Please do not include any content in your JBCD paper which you do not have rights to use, and always give proper attribution.
# If any relevant accompanying data is submitted to repositories with stated licensing policies, the policies should not be more restrictive than CC BY.
# JBCD reserves the right to remove any photos, captures, images, figures, tables, illustrations, audio and video files, and the like, from any paper, whether before or after publication, if we have reason to believe that the content was included in your paper without permission from the owner of the content.
How to Cite
Publication Dates
References
Moraes R, Marimon J, Schneider L, Correr Sobrinho L, Camacho G, Bueno M. Carbamide peroxide bleaching agents: effects on surface roughness of enamel, composite and porcelain. Clin Oral Investig. 2006;10(1):23-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-005-0016-1
Moreira RF, Santos FP, Santos EA, Santos RSd, Anjos MJd, Miranda MSd. Analysis of the chemical modification of dental enamel submitted to 35% hydrogen peroxide “in-office” whitening, with or without calcium. Int J Dent. 2017;2017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/4646789
Kobayashi RS, Dal Picolo MZ, Kury M, de Almeida Resende B, Florez FLE, Cavalli V. Effects of dental bleaching protocols with violet radiation on the color and chemical composition of stained bovine enamel. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther. 2021;34:102194. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pdpdt.2021.102194
Akabane STF, Danelon M, Nunes GP, Gruba AS, de Souza-Costa CA, de Oliveira Duque CC, et al. Evaluation of the aesthetic effect, enamel microhardness and trans-amelodentinal cytotoxicity of a new bleaching agent for professional use containing trimetaphosphate and fluoride. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. 2021;114:104225. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.104225
Ozdemir ZM, Surmelioglu D. Effects of different bleaching application time on tooth color and mineral alteration. Ann Anat- Anat Anz. 2021;233:151590. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aanat.2020.151590
Polydorou O, Hellwig E, Hahn P. The efficacy of three different in-office bleaching systems and their effect on enamel microhardness. Oper Dent. 2008;33(5):579-86. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2341/07-148
De Araujo LSN, dos Santos PH, Anchieta RB, Catelan A, Briso ALF, Zaze ACS, et al. Mineral loss and color change of enamel after bleaching and staining solutions combination. J Biomed Opt. 2013;18(10):108004. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1117/1.JBO.18.10.108004
Venancio PC, Groppo FC, Ambrosano GMB, Marchi G. Effect of 7.5% hydrogen peroxide containing remineralizing agents on hardness, color change, roughness and micromorphology of human enamel. Am J Dent. 2015;28(5).
Eskelsen E, Catelan A, Hernades NMAP, Soares LES, Cavalcanti AN, Aguiar FHB, et al. Physicochemical changes in enamel submitted to pH cycling and bleaching treatment. Clin Cosmet Investig Dent. 2018;10:281. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2147/CCIDE.S184683
Cartagena AF, Parreiras SO, Loguercio AD, Reis A, Campanha NH. In-office bleaching effects on the pulp flow and tooth sensitivity–case series. Braz Oral Res. 2015;29:1-6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/1807-3107BOR-2015.vol29.0026
Soares DG, Basso FG, Hebling J, de Souza Costa CA. Concentrations of and application protocols for hydrogen peroxide bleaching gels: effects on pulp cell viability and whitening efficacy. J Dent. 2014;42(2):185-98. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2013.10.021
Rahee SS, Jehad RH. Comparing the effectiveness of using three different re-mineralizing pastes on remineralisation of artificially induced white spot lesion. J Bagh Coll Dent . 2023;35(4):35-4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26477/jbcd.v35i4.3512
Kadhem DJ, Al Haidar AHM. Antibacterial and cytotoxic effect of a novel biological Nano-silver fluoride synthesized from moringa oleifera leaf extract. J Bagh Coll Dent . 2023;35(2):32-44. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26477/jbcd.v35i2.3397
Raura N, Garg A, Arora A, Roma M. Nanoparticle technology and its implications in endodontics: A review. Biomater Res. 2020;24(1):1-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40824-020-00198-z
Abbas HM, Alhamaoy AR, Salman RD. The effect of titanium oxide microparticles on mechanical properties, absorption and solubility processes of a glass ionomer cement. J Eng. 2020;26(3):160-73. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2020.03.13
Mahmood BS. Silver Nanoparticles and their Role in Gene Expression of Motility Gene motB and Repression of AI-2-Controlled Gene. .Bag J Sci. 2020;17(3 (Suppl.)):0916-. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2020.17.3(Suppl.).0916
Thimmaiah C, Shetty P, Shetty SB, Natarajan S, Thomas NA. Comparative analysis of the remineralization potential of CPP–ACP with Fluoride, Tri-Calcium Phosphate and Nano Hydroxyapatite using SEM/EDX–An in vitro study. J Clin Exp Dent. 2019;11(12):e1120. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4317/jced.55941
Du M, Chen J, Liu K, Xing H, Song C. Recent advances in biomedical engineering of nano-hydroxyapatite including dentistry, cancer treatment and bone repair. Compos B Eng. 2021;215:108790. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2021.108790
Kutuk ZB, Ergin E, Cakir FY, Gurgan S. Effects of in-office bleaching agent combined with different desensitizing agents on enamel. J Appl Oral Sci. 2018;27. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-7757-2018-0233
Ajami S, Pakshir HR, Babanouri N. Impact of nanohydroxyapatite on enamel surface roughness and color change after orthodontic debonding. Prog Orthod. 2016;17(1):1-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40510-016-0124-2
Ansari A, Khan A, Khan A, Mukadam K. Optimized regression test using test case prioritization. Procedia Comput Sci. 2016;79:152-60. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2016.03.020
Suryani H, Gehlot PM, Manjunath MK. Evaluation of the remineralisation potential of bioactive glass, nanohydroxyapatite and casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate fluoride-based toothpastes on enamel erosion lesion–An Ex Vivo study. Indian J Dent Res. 2020;31(5):670. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/ijdr.IJDR_735_17
Huang S, Gao S, Yu H. Effect of nano-hydroxyapatite concentration on remineralization of initial enamel lesion in vitro. Biomed Mater. 2009;4(3):034104. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-6041/4/3/034104
Mutahar M, Carpenter G, Bartlett D, German M, Moazzez R. The presence of acquired enamel pellicle changes acid-induced erosion from dissolution to a softening process. Scie rep. 2017;7(1):10920. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-11498-1
Joiner A. Review of the effects of peroxide on enamel and dentine properties. J Dent. 2007;35(12):889-96. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2007.09.008
Jiang T, Ma X, Wang Y, Tong H, Shen X, Hu Y, et al. Investigation of the effects of 30% hydrogen peroxide on human tooth enamel by Raman scattering and laser-induced fluorescence. J Biomed Opt. 2008;13(1):014019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1117/1.2870114
Basheer R, Mohamed R, Kamel F, Mosallam R. Effect of nano-hydroxyapatite bleaching on human enamel surface. Int Arch Med. 2020;7:1-13.
El-olimy GA-m. In-vitro evaluation of remineralization efficiency of chicken eggshell slurry on eroded deciduous enamel. Egypt Dent J. 2020;66(4-October (Fixed Prosthodontics, Removable Prosthodontics and Dental Materials)):2519-28. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21608/edj.2020.37351.1189
Chuenarrom C, Benjakul P, Daosodsai P. Effect of indentation load and time on knoop and vickers microhardness tests for enamel and dentin. Mater Res. 2009;12:473-6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-14392009000400016
Kossatz S, Dalanhol A, Cunha T, Loguercio A, Reis A. Effect of light activation on tooth sensitivity after in-office bleaching. Oper dent. 2011;36(3):251-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2341/10-289-C
Maran BM, Burey A, de Paris Matos T, Loguercio AD, Reis A. In-office dental bleaching with light vs. without light: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J dent. 2018;70:1-13. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2017.11.007
SoutoMaior J, De Moraes S, Lemos C, Vasconcelos BdE, Montes M, Pellizzer E. Effectiveness of light sources on in-office dental bleaching: a systematic review and meta-analyses. Oper dent. 2019;44(3):E105-E17. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2341/17-280-L
Goenka S, Balu R, Kumar TS. Effects of nanocrystalline calcium deficient hydroxyapatite incorporation in glass ionomer cements. Mech Behav Biomed Mater. 2012;7:69-76. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2011.08.002
Al-Sanabani JS, Madfa AA, Al-Sanabani FA. Application of calcium phosphate materials in dentistry. Int J Biomater. 2013;2013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/876132
Al-Dahan ZA. The effects of nano-hydroxyapatite and casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate in preventing loss of minerals from teeth after exposure to an acidic beverage (an in vitro study). J Bagh Coll Dent. 2015; 2015; 27(4):132-137. DOI: https://doi.org/10.12816/0024076
Tschoppe P, Zandim DL, Martus P, Kielbassa AM. Enamel and dentine remineralization by nano-hydroxyapatite toothpastes. J dent. 2011;39(6):430-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2011.03.008
Mcdermott MM. The Remineralization Potential of Nano-Hydroxyapatite in Hydrogen Peroxide Whitening Mouthwash: Wal Univ; 2016.Walsh University
Darshan H, Shashikiran N. The effect of McInnes solution on enamel and the effect of Tooth mousse on bleached enamel: An in vitro study. J Conserv Dent. 2008;11(2):86. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/0972-0707.44058
Borges AB, Samezima LY, Fonseca LP, Yui KCK, Borges ALS, Torres CRG. Influence of potentially remineralizing agents on bleached enamel microhardness. Oper Dent. 2009;34(5):593-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2341/08-081-L
Valizadeh S, Mirzaei A, Chiniforush N, Moradi Z. Effect of conventional and power office bleaching with diode laser and led light on enamel microhardness. Braz J Oral Sci 2022;21. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20396/bjos.v21i00.8666630
Timpawat S, Nipattamanon C, Kijsamanmith K, Messer H. Effect of bleaching agents on bonding to pulp chamber dentine. Inte Endo J. 2005;38(4):211-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2591.2004.00931.x
Da Costa Soares MUS, Araújo NC, Borges BCD, Sales WdS, Sobral APV. Impact of remineralizing agents on enamel microhardness recovery after in-office tooth bleaching therapies. Acta Odontol Scan. 2013;71(2):343-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3109/00016357.2012.681119
Alkhtib A, Manton DJ, Burrow MF, Saber‐Samandari S, Palamara JE, Gross KA, et al. Effects of bleaching agents and T ooth M ousse™ on human enamel hardness. J Investig Clin Dent. 2013;4(2):94-100. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jicd.12001
Sa Y, Sun L, Wang Z, Ma X, Liang S, Xing W, et al. Effects of two in-office bleaching agents with different pH on the structure of human enamel: an in situ and in vitro study. Oper dent. 2013;38(1):100-110. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2341/11-173-L
Huang S, Gao S, Cheng L, Yu H. Remineralization potential of nano-hydroxyapatite on initial enamel lesions: an in vitro study. Caries Res. 2011;45(5):460-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1159/000331207
Li L, Pan H, Tao J, Xu X, Mao C, Gu X, et al. Repair of enamel by using hydroxyapatite nanoparticles as the building blocks. J Mater Chem C Mater. 2008;18(34):4079-84. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/b806090h
Pepla E, Besharat LK, Palaia G, Tenore G, Migliau G. Nano-hydroxyapatite and its applications in preventive, restorative and regenerative dentistry: a review of literature. Ann Stomatol. 2014;5(3):108. DOI: https://doi.org/10.11138/ads/2014.5.3.108
Philip N. State of the art enamel remineralization systems: the next frontier in caries management. Caries Res. 2019;53(3):284-95. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1159/000493031