Effect of orthodontic tooth movement on salivary levels of Interleukin-1beta, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha, and C- reactive protein
Main Article Content
Abstract
Materials and methods: The sample consisted of thirty adult patients (12 males and 18 females) with ages ranges (19-23) years. Each sample had Class I and Class II malocclusion dental classification and required bilateral extraction of their maxillary first premolars, underwent a session of professional oral hygiene and received oral hygiene instructions before and during the period of study, one month later fixed orthodontic appliance were placed in the upper arch by using 0.014 nickel titanium arch wire. The unstimulated whole saliva was taken from each sample immediately before placement of the appliance (baseline), and at (after1hour, after one week and after two week) following placement of the fixed orthodontic appliance. In addition the plaque index and gingival index were recorded during the interval periods of this study to assess oral cleanliness. The interleukin – one beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha were determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, while the C-reactive protein was determined by latex agglutination.
Results: The results of the present study found the mean value of both salivary (interleukin-one beta and tumor necrosis factor -alpha) were highest at (after1hour) followed by at (after one week) then at (after two week) than the baseline with highly statistical significant differences (P< 0.01) among males, females and total samples, in addition there were no statistical significant differences between males and females (P>0.05). While the mean values of C-reactive protein were higher at (after 1hour) only with highly significant differences (P< 0.01) among females and total samples while only significant difference (P<0.05) for males, in addition there were no statistical significant differences between males and females. Regarding the correlation between salivary (interleukin – one beta and tumor necrosis factor -alpha), there were positive correlation between them at all periods of study. Moreover there were positive correlation between salivary (interleukin – one beta and tumor necrosis factor -alpha) and salivary C-reactive protein. On the other hand there were no association between the salivary (interleukin – one beta and tumor necrosis factor -alpha and C-reactive protein) and clinical parameter (plaque index and gingival index).
Conclusion: From this clinical study we conclude that orthodontic force induces increasing the levels of (interleukin – one beta, tumor necrosis factor -alpha, C-reactive protein) in unstimulated whole saliva during orthodontic tooth movement.
Downloads
Article Details
Issue
Section
Licenses and Copyright
The following policy applies in The Journal of Baghdad College of Dentistry (JBCD):
# JBCD applies the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license to articles and other works we publish. If you submit your paper for publication by JBCD, you agree to have the CC BY license applied to your work. Under this Open Access license, you as the author agree that anyone can reuse your article in whole or part for any purpose, for free, even for commercial purposes. Anyone may copy, distribute, or reuse the content as long as the author and original source are properly cited. This facilitates freedom in re-use and also ensures that JBCD content can be mined without barriers for the needs of research.
# If your manuscript contains content such as photos, images, figures, tables, audio files, videos, etc., that you or your co-authors do not own, we will require you to provide us with proof that the owner of that content (a) has given you written permission to use it, and (b) has approved of the CC BY license being applied to their content. We provide a form you can use to ask for and obtain permission from the owner. If you do not have owner permission, we will ask you to remove that content and/or replace it with other content that you own or have such permission to use.Don't assume that you can use any content you find on the Internet, or that the content is fair game just because it isn't clear who the owner is or what license applies.
# Many authors assume that if they previously published a paper through another publisher, they own the rights to that content and they can freely use that content in their paper, but that’s not necessarily the case, it depends on the license that covers the other paper. Some publishers allow free and unrestricted re-use of article content they own, such as under the CC BY license. Other publishers use licenses that allow re-use only if the same license is applied by the person or publisher re-using the content. If the paper was published under a CC BY license or another license that allows free and unrestricted use, you may use the content in your JBCD paper provided that you give proper attribution, as explained above.If the content was published under a more restrictive license, you must ascertain what rights you have under that license. At a minimum, review the license to make sure you can use the content. Contact that JBCD if you have any questions about the license. If the license does not permit you to use the content in a paper that will be covered by an unrestricted license, you must obtain written permission from the publisher to use the content in your JBCD paper. Please do not include any content in your JBCD paper which you do not have rights to use, and always give proper attribution.
# If any relevant accompanying data is submitted to repositories with stated licensing policies, the policies should not be more restrictive than CC BY.
# JBCD reserves the right to remove any photos, captures, images, figures, tables, illustrations, audio and video files, and the like, from any paper, whether before or after publication, if we have reason to believe that the content was included in your paper without permission from the owner of the content.