Cyclic fatigue of advanced heat-treated nickel-titanium rotary files in simulated canals with single or double curvatures
Main Article Content
Abstract
Background: Fractures of endodontic files are one of the serious concerns affecting root canal treatment prognosis. Recently, countless innovations have been presented to optimize their microstructure and flexibility, reflected in different commercial brands. However, their performance has not been evaluated in complex root canals. Aim: To evaluate and compare the resistance to cyclic fatigue of three rotary endodontic files utilizing artificial canals designed with different angles and radii of curvature. Materials and Methods: sixty rotary instruments of the following types were used. Group I: Edge endo X7; Group II: Luster dent pliancy total solution; and Group III: Race Evo FKG. Instruments in each group were constrained into two subgroups (n=20) to be examined in artificial canals having a single curvature or a double curvature. The cyclic fatigue resistance of each rotary file was tested, where the number of cycles to fracture (NCF) and the fractured segment length (FL) were recorded. Results: In both single and double curvature canals, the Edge endo X7 files (9162.50 ± 441.14 and 2210.00 ± 341.07, respectively) demonstrated significantly higher resistance to cyclic fatigue than did the Race Evo FK (3866.66 ± 410.99 and 1825.00 ± 230.17, respectively) and Luster dent pliancy total solution (7077.77 ± 1001.84 and 1257.77 ± 126.95, respectively). However, in the double canal tests, the Luster dent pliancy total solution had a greater mean NCF than the Race Evo FK. In relation to the FL, there was no statistically significant difference between any of the groups, and only the edge of the Endo X7 file was significantly different between single- and double-curvature canals (P = 0.058). Conclusion: The Edge Endo X7 rotary file demonstrated greater cyclic fatigue resistance than did the Race Evo FKG and Luster dent pliancy total solution.
Received date: 15-09-2024
Accepted date: 05-11-2024
Published date: 15-03-2026
Downloads
Article Details
Issue
Section
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Licenses and Copyright
The following policy applies in The Journal of Baghdad College of Dentistry (JBCD):
# JBCD applies the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license to articles and other works we publish. If you submit your paper for publication by JBCD, you agree to have the CC BY license applied to your work. Under this Open Access license, you as the author agree that anyone can reuse your article in whole or part for any purpose, for free, even for commercial purposes. Anyone may copy, distribute, or reuse the content as long as the author and original source are properly cited. This facilitates freedom in re-use and also ensures that JBCD content can be mined without barriers for the needs of research.
# If your manuscript contains content such as photos, images, figures, tables, audio files, videos, etc., that you or your co-authors do not own, we will require you to provide us with proof that the owner of that content (a) has given you written permission to use it, and (b) has approved of the CC BY license being applied to their content. We provide a form you can use to ask for and obtain permission from the owner. If you do not have owner permission, we will ask you to remove that content and/or replace it with other content that you own or have such permission to use.Don't assume that you can use any content you find on the Internet, or that the content is fair game just because it isn't clear who the owner is or what license applies.
# Many authors assume that if they previously published a paper through another publisher, they own the rights to that content and they can freely use that content in their paper, but that’s not necessarily the case, it depends on the license that covers the other paper. Some publishers allow free and unrestricted re-use of article content they own, such as under the CC BY license. Other publishers use licenses that allow re-use only if the same license is applied by the person or publisher re-using the content. If the paper was published under a CC BY license or another license that allows free and unrestricted use, you may use the content in your JBCD paper provided that you give proper attribution, as explained above.If the content was published under a more restrictive license, you must ascertain what rights you have under that license. At a minimum, review the license to make sure you can use the content. Contact that JBCD if you have any questions about the license. If the license does not permit you to use the content in a paper that will be covered by an unrestricted license, you must obtain written permission from the publisher to use the content in your JBCD paper. Please do not include any content in your JBCD paper which you do not have rights to use, and always give proper attribution.
# If any relevant accompanying data is submitted to repositories with stated licensing policies, the policies should not be more restrictive than CC BY.
# JBCD reserves the right to remove any photos, captures, images, figures, tables, illustrations, audio and video files, and the like, from any paper, whether before or after publication, if we have reason to believe that the content was included in your paper without permission from the owner of the content.
How to Cite
References
Rashid SA, AI-Gharrawi HA. Cyclic fatigue of trunatomy nickel-titanium rotary instrument in single and double curvature canals: a comparative study. World J Dent. 2021;12(1):28-31.
Kim H-C, Yum J, Hur B, Cheung GS-P. Cyclic fatigue and fracture characteristics of ground and twisted nickel-titanium rotary files. Journal of endodontics. 2010;36(1):147-52.
Kim T, Cheung G, Lee J, Kim B, Hur B, Kim H. Stress distribution of three NiTi rotary files under bending and torsional conditions using a mathematic analysis. International Endodontic Journal. 2009;42(1):14-21.
Hieawy A, Haapasalo M, Zhou H, Wang Z-j, Shen Y. Phase transformation behavior and resistance to bending and cyclic fatigue of ProTaper Gold and ProTaper Universal instruments. Journal of endodontics. 2015;41(7):1134-8.
Uslu G, Özyürek T, Yılmaz K, Plotino G. Effect of dynamic immersion in sodium hypochlorite and EDTA solutions on cyclic fatigue resistance of WaveOne and WaveOne gold reciprocating nickel-titanium Files. Journal of endodontics. 2018;44(5):834-7.
Mahmood, A. B., Alhuwaizi, A. F., Khalaf, M. K., & Zaher, A. R.Evaluation of titanium dioxide and tantalum pentoxide nanoparticles for coating NiTi archwires in orthodontics: An in vitro study. Journal of Baghdad College of Dentistry.2024;36(3), 50-60.
AlFuraiji, N. H., Altaie, S. F., & Qasim, S. S. Evaluating the influence of Ti6Al4V alloy particles on mechanical properties of heat-cured PMMA. Journal of Baghdad College of Dentistry.2024;36(2), 44-53.
Intzes L, Tzima Z-D, Gogos C. Comparative evaluation of resistance to cyclic fatigue of three rotary endodontic Ni-Ti instruments. Balkan Journal of Dental Medicine. 2019;23(1):36-9.
Morsy DA. Cyclic Fatigue Resistance Of EdgeFile X7, Edge One, WaveOne Gold And WaveOne Rotary Files Using Artificial Canals With Different Angles And Radii Of Curvature. Egyptian Dental Journal. 2022;68(4):3971-9.
Shyma P, Mathew J, George L, Vineet RV, Paul S, Joy A. Comparative evaluation of pericervical dentin preservation and fracture resistance of root canal-treated teeth with rotary endodontic file systems of different types of taper–An in vitro study. Journal of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics. 2023 Jul 1;26(4):429-33.
Basturk FB, Özyürek T, Uslu G, Gündoğar M. Mechanical Properties of the New Generation RACE EVO and R-Motion Nickel–Titanium Instruments. Materials. 2022;15(9):3330.
Alzaidy IK, Shukri BM. Effect of Using Race Evo, EdgeFile X7, and Protaper Gold Rotary File Systems on the Fracture Resistance of Obturated Root Canal (A comparative study). Mustansiria Dental Journal. 2023 Dec 30;19(2):270-9.
Al-Sudani D, Grande NM, Plotino G, Pompa G, Di Carlo S, Testarelli L, et al. Cyclic fatigue of nickel-titanium rotary instruments in a double (S-shaped) simulated curvature. Journal of endodontics. 2012;38(7):987-9.
Spanaki‐Voreadi A, Kerezoudis N, Zinelis S. Failure mechanism of ProTaper Ni–Ti rotary instruments during clinical use: fractographic analysis. International Endodontic Journal. 2006;39(3):171-8.
Gavini G, Santos Md, Caldeira CL, Machado MEdL, Freire LG, Iglecias EF, et al. Nickel–titanium instruments in endodontics: a concise review of the state of the art. Brazilian oral research. 2018;32:e67.
Cheung G, Peng B, Bian Z, Shen Y, Darvell B. Defects in ProTaper S1 instruments after clinical use: fractographic examination. International endodontic journal. 2005;38(11):802-9.
Gambarini G. Cyclic fatigue of nickel-titanium rotary instruments after clinical use with low-and high-torque endodontic motors. Journal of endodontics. 2001;27(12):772-4.
Grande N, Plotino G, Pecci R, Bedini R, Malagnino V, Somma F. Cyclic fatigue resistance and three‐dimensional analysis of instruments from two nickel–titanium rotary systems. International endodontic journal. 2006;39(10):755-63.
Pruett JP, Clement DJ, Carnes Jr DL. Cyclic fatigue testing of nickel-titanium endodontic instruments. Journal of endodontics. 1997;23(2):77-85.
Ghahramani Y, Sedigh-Shams M, Atbaei M, Asar S. Cyclic fatigue resistance: comparison of AF F-One and One Curve rotary instruments with Hyflex EDM OneFile in root canal therapy. Advances in Applied NanoBio-Technologies. 2022;3(1):14-7.
Yao JH, Schwartz SA, Beeson TJ. Cyclic fatigue of three types of rotary nickel-titanium files in a dynamic model. Journal of endodontics. 2006;32(1):55-7.
Fiad A, El Faramawy M, Fahmy S. The effect of autoclave sterilization on Cyclic fatigue resistance of two Ni-Ti systems (an In-Vitro study). Egyptian Dental Journal. 2021;67(3):2743-7.
Larsen CM, Watanabe I, Glickman GN, He J. Cyclic fatigue analysis of a new generation of nickel titanium rotary instruments. Journal of endodontics. 2009;35(3):401-3.
Al‐Hadlaq SM. Evaluation of cyclic flexural fatigue resistance of 25/0.04 and 25/0.06 twisted file rotary nickel‐titanium endodontic instruments. Australian Endodontic Journal. 2013;39(2):62-5.
Capar ID, Ertas H, Arslan H. Comparison of cyclic fatigue resistance of novel nickel‐titanium rotary instruments. Australian endodontic journal. 2015;41(1):24-8.
Gündoğar M, Özyürek T. Cyclic fatigue resistance of OneShape, HyFlex EDM, WaveOne Gold, and Reciproc Blue nickel-titanium instruments. Journal of endodontics. 2017;43(7):1192-6.
Bueno CRE, Cury MTS, Vasques AMV, Sivieri-Araújo G, Jacinto RC, Gomes-Filho JE, et al. Cyclic fatigue resistance of novel Genius and Edgefile nickel-titanium reciprocating instruments. Brazilian oral research. 2019;33.
Shen Y, Qian W, Abtin H, Gao Y, Haapasalo M. Fatigue testing of controlled memory wire nickel-titanium rotary instruments. Journal of endodontics. 2011;37(7):997-1001.
Cheung GS, Zhang EW, Zheng YF. A numerical method for predicting the bending fatigue life of NiTi and stainless steel root canal instruments. Int Endod J. 2011 Apr;44(4):357-61.
Tsujimoto M, Irifune Y, Tsujimoto Y, Yamada S, Watanabe I, Hayashi Y. Comparison of conventional and new-generation nickel-titanium files in regard to their physical properties. Journal of endodontics. 2014;40(11):1824-9.
Gao Y, Shotton V, Wilkinson K, Phillips G, Johnson WB. Effects of raw material and rotational speed on the cyclic fatigue of ProFile Vortex rotary instruments. Journal of endodontics. 2010;36(7):1205-9.
Özyürek T, Gündoğar M, Yılmaz K, Uslu G. Bending resistance and cyclic fatigue life of Reciproc Blue, WaveOne Gold, and Genius files in a double (S-shaped) curved canal. Journal of dental research, dental clinics, dental prospects. 2017;11(4):241.
Cheung G, Zhang E, Zheng Y. A numerical method for predicting the bending fatigue life of NiTi and stainless steel root canal instruments. International endodontic journal. 2011;44(4):357-61.
Zhang E-W, Cheung GS, Zheng Y-F. Influence of cross-sectional design and dimension on mechanical behavior of nickel-titanium instruments under torsion and bending: a numerical analysis. Journal of endodontics. 2010;36(8):1394-8.
Capar ID, Kaval ME, Ertas H, Sen BH. Comparison of the cyclic fatigue resistance of 5 different rotary pathfinding instruments made of conventional nickel-titanium wire, M-wire, and controlled memory wire. Journal of endodontics. 2015;41(4):535-8.
Braga LCM, Silva ACF, Buono VTL, de Azevedo Bahia MG. Impact of heat treatments on the fatigue resistance of different rotary nickel-titanium instruments. Journal of endodontics. 2014;40(9):1494-7.
Kaval ME, Capar ID, Ertas H, Sen BH. Comparative evaluation of cyclic fatigue resistance of four different nickel-titanium rotary files with different cross-sectional designs and alloy properties. Clinical oral investigations. 2017;21:1527-30.
Ha J, Cheung G, Versluis A, Lee C, Kwak S, Kim H. ‘Screw‐in’tendency of rotary nickel–titanium files due to design geometry. International endodontic journal. 2015;48(7):666-72.
Di Nardo D, Gambarini G, Seracchiani M, Mazzoni A, Zanza A, Del Giudice A, et al. Influence of different cross-section on cyclic fatigue resistance of two nickel–titanium rotary instruments with same heat treatment: An: in vitro: study. Saudi Endodontic Journal. 2020;10(3):221-5.
Schrader C, Peters OA. Analysis of torque and force with differently tapered rotary endodontic instruments in vitro. Journal of endodontics. 2005;31(2):120-3.
Blum JY, Machtou P, Micallef JP. Location of contact areas on rotary Profile1 instruments in relationship to the forces developed during mechanical preparation on extracted teeth. International Endodontic Journal. 1999;32(2):108-14.
Oh S, Kum K-Y, Kim H-J, Moon S-Y, Kim H-C, Chaniotis A, et al. Bending resistance and cyclic fatigue resistance of WaveOne Gold, Reciproc Blue, and HyFlex EDM instruments. Journal of Dental Sciences. 2020;15(4):472-8.
Sobral TK, Piasecki L, Tomazinho FS, Kirchhoff AL, Gabardo MC, Mattos NH, Baratto Filho F, Fariniuk LF. Dynamic cyclic fatigue resistance of heat-treated nickel titanium instruments in reciprocating motion. Eur Endod J. 2023 May 1;8(3):201-6.
Generali L, Puddu P, Borghi A, Brancolini S, Lusvarghi L, Bolelli G, Consolo U, Pedullà E. Mechanical properties and metallurgical features of new and ex vivo used Reciproc Blue and Reciproc. International endodontic journal. 2020 Feb;53(2):250-64.
Pérez-Higueras JJ, Arias A, de la Macorra JC. Cyclic fatigue resistance of K3, K3XF, and twisted file nickel-titanium files under continuous rotation or reciprocating motion. Journal of endodontics. 2013;39(12):1585-8.
Azim AA, Tarrosh M, Azim KA, Piasecki L. Comparison between single-file rotary systems: part 2—the effect of length of the instrument subjected to cyclic loading on cyclic fatigue resistance. Journal of endodontics. 2018 Dec 1;44(12):1837-42.
Saleh HA, Abdulhameed OH. A comparative examination of cyclic fatigue and fragment length of three different types of endodontic rotary files: an in vitro study. Dental Hypotheses. 2022 Apr 1;13(2):49-52.
Lopes HP, Ferreira AA, Elias CN, Moreira EJ, de Oliveira JCM, Siqueira Jr JF. Influence of rotational speed on the cyclic fatigue of rotary nickel-titanium endodontic instruments. Journal of endodontics. 2009;35(7):1013-6.
Abdellatif D, Iandolo A, Scorziello M, Sangiovanni G, Pisano M. Cyclic Fatigue of Different Ni-Ti Endodontic Rotary File Alloys: A Comprehensive Review. Bioengineering. 2024 May 16;11(5):499.
Özyürek T. Cyclic fatigue resistance of Reciproc, WaveOne, and WaveOne Gold nickel-titanium instruments. Journal of endodontics. 2016;42(10):1536-9.
Usta SN, Eymirli A. Comparison of the cyclic fatigue resistance of four different file systems at body temperature. Turkish Endodontic Journal (TEJ).7(2):69-73.