Force degradation of orthodontic elastomeric chains: A literature review
Main Article Content
Abstract
Background: Elastomeric chains are used to generate force in many orthodontic procedures, but this force decays over time, which could affect tooth movement. This study aimed to study the force degradation of elastomeric chains. Data and Sources: An electronic search on Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE, LILACS, and PubMed was made, only articles written in English were included, up to January 2022.Study selection: Fifty original articles, systematic reviews, and RCTs were selected. Conclusion: Tooth movement, salivary enzymes, alcohol-containing mouthwash, whitening mouthwash, and alkaline and strong acidic (pH <5.4) solutions all have a significant impact on elastomeric chain force degradation. The force level of elastomeric chains degrades rapidly over time; however, the force degradation rate is slower in thermoset chains than in thermoplastic ones. An efficient tooth movement could be achieved by using a thermoset chain type with monthly replacement. Ethylene oxide and gamma sterilization methods are preferred to avoid the risk of cytotoxicity.
Received date: 12-03-2022
Accepted date: 03-04-2022
Downloads
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Licenses and Copyright
The following policy applies in The Journal of Baghdad College of Dentistry (JBCD):
# JBCD applies the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license to articles and other works we publish. If you submit your paper for publication by JBCD, you agree to have the CC BY license applied to your work. Under this Open Access license, you as the author agree that anyone can reuse your article in whole or part for any purpose, for free, even for commercial purposes. Anyone may copy, distribute, or reuse the content as long as the author and original source are properly cited. This facilitates freedom in re-use and also ensures that JBCD content can be mined without barriers for the needs of research.
# If your manuscript contains content such as photos, images, figures, tables, audio files, videos, etc., that you or your co-authors do not own, we will require you to provide us with proof that the owner of that content (a) has given you written permission to use it, and (b) has approved of the CC BY license being applied to their content. We provide a form you can use to ask for and obtain permission from the owner. If you do not have owner permission, we will ask you to remove that content and/or replace it with other content that you own or have such permission to use.Don't assume that you can use any content you find on the Internet, or that the content is fair game just because it isn't clear who the owner is or what license applies.
# Many authors assume that if they previously published a paper through another publisher, they own the rights to that content and they can freely use that content in their paper, but that’s not necessarily the case, it depends on the license that covers the other paper. Some publishers allow free and unrestricted re-use of article content they own, such as under the CC BY license. Other publishers use licenses that allow re-use only if the same license is applied by the person or publisher re-using the content. If the paper was published under a CC BY license or another license that allows free and unrestricted use, you may use the content in your JBCD paper provided that you give proper attribution, as explained above.If the content was published under a more restrictive license, you must ascertain what rights you have under that license. At a minimum, review the license to make sure you can use the content. Contact that JBCD if you have any questions about the license. If the license does not permit you to use the content in a paper that will be covered by an unrestricted license, you must obtain written permission from the publisher to use the content in your JBCD paper. Please do not include any content in your JBCD paper which you do not have rights to use, and always give proper attribution.
# If any relevant accompanying data is submitted to repositories with stated licensing policies, the policies should not be more restrictive than CC BY.
# JBCD reserves the right to remove any photos, captures, images, figures, tables, illustrations, audio and video files, and the like, from any paper, whether before or after publication, if we have reason to believe that the content was included in your paper without permission from the owner of the content.
How to Cite
Publication Dates
References
Oertel G, Polyurethane Handbook, second ed., Germany, Hanser Publications, 1994.
Bousquet JA, Tuesta O, Flores-Mir C. In vivo comparison of force decay between injection molded and die-cut stamped elastomers. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2006;129(3):384-389. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2005.09.002
Cheng HC, Chen MS, Peng BY, Lin WT, Shen YK, Wang YH. Surface treatment on physical properties and biocompatibility of orthodontic power chains. Biomed Res Int. 2017 Apr 30;2017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/6343724
Andreasen GF, Bishara SE. Relaxation of orthodontic elastic chains and midules in vitro and in vivo. Angle Orthod. 1970;40(3):151-8.
Hershey HG, Reynolds WG. The plastic module as an orthodontic tooth-moving mechanism. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1975;67(5):554-562. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9416(75)90300-0
David C, McInnes-Ledoux P, Weinberg R, Shaye R. Force degradation of orthodontic elastomeric chains—a product comparison study. Am J Orthod. 1985 May 1;87(5):377-84. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9416(85)90197-6
Killiany DM, Duplessis J. Relaxation of elastomeric chains. J Clin Orthod: JCO. 1985 Aug;19(8):592-3.
Eliades T, Eliades G, Silikas N, Watts DC. In vitro degradation of polyurethane orthodontic elastomeric modules. J Oral Rehabil. 2005;32(1):72-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2842.2004.01366.x
Larrabee TM, Liu SS, Torres-Gorena A, Soto-Rojas A, Eckert GJ, Stewart KT. The effects of varying alcohol concentrations commonly found in mouth rinses on the force decay of elastomeric chain. Angle Orthod. 2012;82(5):894-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2319/062211-407.1
Pithon MM, Santana DA, Sousa KH, Farias IM. Does chlorhexidine in different formulations interfere with the force of orthodontic elastics?. Angle Orthod. 2013;83(2):313-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2319/061312-493.1
Losito KA, Lucato AS, Tubel CA, Correa CA, Santos JC. Force decay in orthodontic elastomeric chains after immersion in disinfection solutions. Braz J Oral Sci. 2014 Oct;13:266-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/1677-3225v13n4a05
Aldrees AM, Al-Foraidi SA, Murayshed MS, Almoammar KA. Color stability and force decay of clear orthodontic elastomeric chains: An in vitro study. Int Orthod. 2015 Sep 1;13(3):287-301. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ortho.2015.06.003
Omidkhoda M, Rashed R, Khodarahmi N. Evaluation of the effects of three different mouthwashes on the force decay of orthodontic chains. Dent Res J. 2015;12(4):348. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/1735-3327.161453
Mirhashemi A, Farahmand N, Saffar Shahroudi A, Ahmad Akhoundi MS. Effect of four different mouthwashes on force-degradation pattern of orthodontic elastomeric chains. Orthod Waves. 2017;76(2):67-72. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.odw.2016.11.007
Behnaz M, Dalaie K, Hosseinpour S, Namvar F, Kazemi L. The effect of toothpastes with bleaching agents on the force decay of elastomeric orthodontic chains. Eur J Dent. 2017;11:427. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/ejd.ejd_83_17
Behnaz M, Namvar F, Sohrabi S, Parishanian M. Effect of Bleaching Mouthwash on Force Decay of Orthodontic Elastomeric Chains. J Contemp Dent. 2018;19:221-225. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10024-2240
Kim KH, Chung CH, Choy K, Lee JS, Vanarsdall RL. Effects of prestretching on force degradation of synthetic elastomeric chains. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2005 Oct 1;128(4):477-82. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2004.04.027
Evans KS, Wood CM, Moffitt AH, Colgan JA, Holman JK, Marshall SD, Pope DS, Sample LB, Sherman SL, Sinclair PM, Trulove TS. Sixteen-week analysis of unaltered elastomeric chain relating in-vitro force degradation with in-vivo extraction space tooth movement. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2017 Apr 1;151(4):727-34. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2016.10.020
Baty DL, Storie DJ, von Fraunhofer JA. Synthetic elastomeric chains: a literature review. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1994;105(6):536–542. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0889-5406(94)70137-7
Rock WP, Wilson HJ, Fisher SE. A laboratory investigation of orthodontic elastomeric chains. Br J Orthod. 1985;12(4):202-207. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1179/bjo.12.4.202
Baratieri C, Mattos CT, Alves Jr M, Lau TC, Nojima LI, Souza MM, Araujo MT, Nojima MD. In situ evaluation of orthodontic elastomeric chains. Brazilian dental journal. 2012;23:394-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-64402012000400014
Masoud AI, Tsay TP, BeGole E, Bedran-Russo AK. Force decay evaluation of thermoplastic and thermoset elastomeric chains: A mechanical design comparison. Angle Orthod. 2014 Nov;84(6):1026-33. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2319/010814-28.1
Subroto MI, Putri AP, Putri LS, Hidayati L. Generation I and Generation II Elastomeric Chains Characteristics Comparison in Artificial Saliva Immersion. Brazilian Dental Science. 2021;24(1):9-P. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14295/bds.2021.v24i1.2180
Kanuru RK, Azaneen M, Narayana V, Kolasani B, Indukuri RR, Babu PF. Comparison of canine retraction by in vivo method using four brands of elastomeric power chain. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent. 2014 Nov;4(Suppl 1):S32. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/2231-0762.144586
Khanemasjedi M, Moradinejad M, Javidi P, Niknam O, Jahromi NH, Rakhshan V. Efficacy of elastic memory chains versus nickel–titanium coil springs in canine retraction: a two-center split-mouth randomized clinical trial. Int Orthod. 2017 Dec 1;15(4):561-74. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ortho.2017.09.011
Sulaiman TH, Eriwati YK, Indrani DJ. Effect of temperature on tensile force of orthodontics power chain in artificial saliva solution. J Phys Conf Ser. 2018 Aug 1 (Vol. 1073, No. 6, p. 062006). IOP Publishing. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1073/6/062006
Von Fraunhofer JA, Coffelt MP, Orbell GM. The effects of artificial saliva and topical fluoride treatments on the degradation of the elastic properties of orthodontic chains. Angle Orthod. 1992 Dec;62(4):265-74.
Kemona A, Piotrowska M. Polyurethane recycling and disposal: Methods and prospects. Polymers. 2020 Aug;12(8):1752. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12081752
Andhare P, Datana S, Agarwal SS, Chopra SS. Comparison of in vivo and in vitro force decay of elastomeric chains/modules: a systematic review and meta analysis. J World Fed Orthod. 2021 Dec;10(4):155-162. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejwf.2021.07.003
Ramazanzadeh BA, Jahanbin A, Hasanzadeh N, Eslami N. Effect of sodium fluoride mouth rinse on elastic properties of elastomeric chains. Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry. 2009;34:189-192. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17796/jcpd.34.2.v287l152x5124142
Javanmardi Z, Salehi P. Effects of Orthokin, Sensikin and Persica mouth rinses on the force degradation of elastic chains and NiTi coil springs. J Dent Res Dent Clin Dent Prospects. 2016;10(2):99. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15171/joddd.2016.016
Mahajan V, Singla A, Negi A, Jaj HS, Bhandari V. Influence of Alcohol and Alcohol-free Mouthrinses on Force Degradation of Different Types of Space Closure Auxiliaries used in Sliding Mechanics. J Indian Orthod Soc. 2014;48(4_suppl4):546-51. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0974909820140806S
Teixeira L, Pereira Bdo R, Bortoly TG, Brancher JA, Tanaka OM, Guariza-Filho O. The environmental influence of Light Coke, phosphoric acid, and citric acid on elastomeric chains. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2008;9:17-24. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5005/jcdp-9-7-17
Lacerda dos Santos R, Pithon MM, Romanos MT. The influence of pH levels on mechanical and biological properties of nonlatex and latex elastics. Angle Orthod. 2012;82(4):709-14. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2319/082811-552.1
Nattrass C, Ireland AJ, Sherriff M. The effect of environmental factors on elastomeric chain and nickel titanium coil springs. Eur J Orthod. 1998 Apr 1;20(2):169-76. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ejo/20.2.169
Khaleghi A, Ahmadvand A, Sadeghian S. Effect of citric acid on force decay of orthodontic elastomeric chains. Dental Research Journal. 2021;18. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/1735-3327.316648
Ferriter JP, Meyers Jr CE, Lorton L. The effect of hydrogen ion concentration on the force-degradation rate of orthodontic polyurethane chain elastics. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1990;98(5):404-10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0889-5406(05)81648-8
Pureprasert T, Anuwongnukroh N, Dechkunakorn S, Loykulanant S, Kongkaew C, Wichai W. Comparison of Mechanical Properties of Three Different Orthodontic Latex Elastic Bands Leached with NaOH Solution. Key Eng Mater. 2017; (Vol. 730, pp. 135-140). Trans Tech Publications Ltd. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.730.135
Sufarnap E, Harahap KI, Terry T. Effect of sodium fluoride in chlorhexidine mouthwashes on force decay and permanent deformation of orthodontic elastomeric chain. Padjadjaran Journal of Dentistry. 2021 Mar 31;33(1):74-80. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24198/pjd.vol33no1.26370
Halimi A, Benyahia H, Doukkali A, Azeroual MF, Zaoui F. A systematic review of force decay in orthodontic elastomeric power chains. Int Orthod. 2012; 10(3):223-240. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ortho.2012.06.013
Jeffries CL, Von Fraunhofer JA. The effects of 2% alkaline gluteraldehyde solution on the elastic properties of elastomeric chain. Angle Orthod. 1991 Mar;61(1):26-30.
Martins MM, Lima TA, Areas AC. Influence of glutaraldehyde solutions 2% in the forces generated by orthodontic elastic chains. Cienc Odontol Bras. 2008;11:49-57.
Pithon MM, dos Santos RL, Martins FO, Romanos MT, Araújo MT. Cytotoxicity of orthodontic elastic chain bands after sterilization by different methods. Orthod Waves. 2010 Dec 1;69(4):151-5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.odw.2010.05.002
Pithon MM, Ferraz CS, Rosa FC, Rosa LP. Sterilizing elastomeric chains without losing mechanical properties. Is it possible?. Dental press journal of orthodontics. 2015 May;20:96-100. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/2176-9451.20.3.096-100.oar
Chang JH, Hwang CJ, Kim KH, Cha JY, Kim KM, Yu HS. Effects of prestretch on stress relaxation and permanent deformation of orthodontic synthetic elastomeric chains. Korean J Orthod. 2018 Nov;48(6):384-394. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4041/kjod.2018.48.6.384
Sonis AL. Comparison of NiTi coil springs vs. elastics in canine retraction. J Clin Orthod. 1994 May;28(5):293.
Santos AC, Tortamano A, Naccarato SR, Dominguez-Rodriguez GC, Vigorito JW. An in vitro comparison of the force decay generated by different commercially available elastomeric chains and NiTi closed coil springs. Brazilian oral research. 2007 Mar;21(1):51-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1806-83242007000100009
Pires BU, de Souza RE, Vedovello Filho M, Degan VV, dos Santos JC, Tubel CA. Force degradation of different elastomeric chains and nickel titanium closed springs. Brazilian Journal of Oral Sciences. 2011;10(3):167-70.
Nightingale C, Jones SP. A clinical investigation of force delivery systems for orthodontic space closure. Journal of orthodontics. 2003 Sep;30(3):229-36. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ortho/30.3.229
Bokas J, Woods M. A clinical comparison between nickel titanium springs and elastomeric chains. Australian Orthodontic Journal. 2006 May;22(1):39-46. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/aoj-2006-0005
Barsoum HA, ElSayed HS, El Sharaby FA, Palomo JM, Mostafa YA. Comprehensive comparison of canine retraction using NiTi closed coil springs vs elastomeric chains. Angle Orthod. 2021 Jul 1;91(4):441-448. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2319/110620-916.1