Salivary vitamin D3 in relation to dental caries among pregnant women in Baghdad city
Main Article Content
Abstract
Background: Vitamin D deficiency is a problem for pregnant women, and it affects general and oral health. This problem increases as vitamin D requirements increase during pregnancy. This study was conducted among pregnant women in urban and rural areas in order to assess the relation between salivary vitamin D3 and dental caries. Materials and methods: In this comparative cross-sectional study, all women participating were attending the primary Health Care Centers in Baghdad city in AL-Karkh sector, they were with age ranged from (15-44) years old. The total number 90 pregnant women in the second trimester only which include: The first group consists of (45) pregnant women attendance seeking dental treatment in urban areas, The second group consists of (45) pregnant women attendance seeking dental treatment in rural areas. Collection of the unstimulated saliva was done according to Tenovuo (1996). After that the clinical examination of Dental caries DMFT/S was performed according to the world health organization in (2013). Results: The findings of this study revealed that the percentage of pregnant women in the age range of 15–29 years was higher in the rural areas than in the urban areas. While those in the age range of 30–44 years were higher in the urban areas. Regarding the age, the percentage of dental caries experience was increased with age. Regarding the area, the percentage of dental caries was higher in the urban area than in the rural area. The highest mean value of DMFT was found in the urban area, with no significant differences. While the highest mean value of DMFS was found in the rural areas with no statistically significant difference, except the FS, where was statistically significant and higher in the urban areas. The mean value of salivary vitamin D3 was found to be higher in rural areas than in urban areas, although statistically non-significant. The correlation between dental caries experience (DMFT/S) and salivary vitamin D3 level was statistically non-significant among urban and rural pregnant women, except in the urban areas where the DMFS was found to be significant with salivary vitamin D3. Conclusions: According to the results of this study, there was a non-significant negative correlation between dental caries and salivary vitamin D3 among pregnant women in urban and rural areas. Except, the correlation between dental caries experience by surfaces and salivary vitamin D3 was negative and significant among urban pregnant women.
Received date: 15-01-2022
Accepted date: 26-02-2022
Downloads
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Licenses and Copyright
The following policy applies in The Journal of Baghdad College of Dentistry (JBCD):
# JBCD applies the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license to articles and other works we publish. If you submit your paper for publication by JBCD, you agree to have the CC BY license applied to your work. Under this Open Access license, you as the author agree that anyone can reuse your article in whole or part for any purpose, for free, even for commercial purposes. Anyone may copy, distribute, or reuse the content as long as the author and original source are properly cited. This facilitates freedom in re-use and also ensures that JBCD content can be mined without barriers for the needs of research.
# If your manuscript contains content such as photos, images, figures, tables, audio files, videos, etc., that you or your co-authors do not own, we will require you to provide us with proof that the owner of that content (a) has given you written permission to use it, and (b) has approved of the CC BY license being applied to their content. We provide a form you can use to ask for and obtain permission from the owner. If you do not have owner permission, we will ask you to remove that content and/or replace it with other content that you own or have such permission to use.Don't assume that you can use any content you find on the Internet, or that the content is fair game just because it isn't clear who the owner is or what license applies.
# Many authors assume that if they previously published a paper through another publisher, they own the rights to that content and they can freely use that content in their paper, but that’s not necessarily the case, it depends on the license that covers the other paper. Some publishers allow free and unrestricted re-use of article content they own, such as under the CC BY license. Other publishers use licenses that allow re-use only if the same license is applied by the person or publisher re-using the content. If the paper was published under a CC BY license or another license that allows free and unrestricted use, you may use the content in your JBCD paper provided that you give proper attribution, as explained above.If the content was published under a more restrictive license, you must ascertain what rights you have under that license. At a minimum, review the license to make sure you can use the content. Contact that JBCD if you have any questions about the license. If the license does not permit you to use the content in a paper that will be covered by an unrestricted license, you must obtain written permission from the publisher to use the content in your JBCD paper. Please do not include any content in your JBCD paper which you do not have rights to use, and always give proper attribution.
# If any relevant accompanying data is submitted to repositories with stated licensing policies, the policies should not be more restrictive than CC BY.
# JBCD reserves the right to remove any photos, captures, images, figures, tables, illustrations, audio and video files, and the like, from any paper, whether before or after publication, if we have reason to believe that the content was included in your paper without permission from the owner of the content.
How to Cite
Publication Dates
References
Kidd, E. A., Fejerskov, O. Essentials of dental caries, Oxford University Press, 2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198738268.001.0001
Masthan, K.. Textbook Pediatric Oral Pathology, Jaypee, 2011. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5005/jp/books/11365
Fejerskov O. Changing paradigms in concepts on dental caries: consequences for oral health care. Caries res. 2004;38(3):182-91. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1159/000077753
Dusso AS, Brown AJ & E, S. Vitamin D. Am J Physiol 2005;289: F8-28. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00336.2004
Skinner, H. G., Michaud, D. S., Giovannucci, E., Willett, W. C., Colditz, G. A.. Fuchs, C. S. Vitamin D intake and the risk for pancreatic cancer in two cohort studies. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 2006;15:1688-1695. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-06-0206
Gorham, E. D., Garland, C. F., Garland, F. C., Grant, W. B., Mohr, S. B., Lipkin, M., et al. Optimal vitamin D status for colo-rectal cancer prevention: a quantitative meta analysis. Am J Prev Med, 2007;32:210-216. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2006.11.004
Giovannucci, E., Liu, Y., Hollis, B. W., Rimm, E. B. 25-hydroxyvitamin D and risk of myocardial infarction in men: a pro-spective study. Arch Intern Med, 2008;168:1174-1180. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.168.11.1174
Kilkkinen, A., Knekt, P., Aro, A., Rissanen, H., Marniemi, J., Heliövaara, M., et al. Vitamin D status and the risk of cardio-vascular disease death. American J epidemiol, 2009;170: 1032-1039. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwp227
Foster, B. L., Nociti JR, F. H., Somerman, M. J. The rachitic tooth. Endo rev, 2014;35:1-34.
D’ortenzio, L., Kahlon, B., Peacock, T., Salahuddin, H., Brickley, M. The rachitic tooth: Refining the use of interglobular dentine in diagnosing vitamin D deficiency. Int J Paleopathol, 2018;22:101-108.
Hu, X. P., Li, Z. Q., Zhou, J. Y., Yu, Z. H., Zhang, J. M., Guo, M. L. Analysis of the association between polymorphisms in the vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene and dental caries in a Chinese population. Genet Mol Res, 2015;14:11631-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4238/2015.September.28.15
Gombart, A. F. The vitamin D–antimicrobial peptide pathway and its role in protection against infection. Future Microbiol, 2009;4:1151-1165. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2217/fmb.09.87
Youssef, D. A., Miller, C. W., El-Abbassi, A. M., Cutchins, D. C., Cutchins, C., Grant, W. B., et al. Antimicrobial implications of vitamin D. Dermatoendocrinol, 2001;3:220-229. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4161/derm.3.4.15027
Rawi N.A, Jameel S.A. Assessment of caries experience, enamel defects and selected salivary biomarkers in children with nutritional rickets. J Bagh Coll Dent, 2019;31(1):37-41 DOI: https://doi.org/10.26477/jbcd.v31i1.2576
Soulissa AG. Hubungan kehamilan dan penyakit periodontal. Jurnal Pdgi. 2014;63(3):71-7.
Laine, M. A. Effect of pregnancy on periodontal and dental health. Acta Odontol Scand, 2002;60:257-264. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00016350260248210
Amar, S., Chung, K. M. Influence of hormonal variation on the periodontium in women. Periodontol 2000, 1994;6:79-87. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0757.1994.tb00028.x
Edwina A., K. M. Essentials of Dental Caries. 3rd ed. Oxford. 2005;123-166.
Kornman, K. S., Loesche, W. J. The subgingival microbial flora during pregnancy. J Periodontal Res, 2008;15: 111-122. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0765.1980.tb00265.x
Chour, G. V., Chour, R. G. Diet counselling–A primordial level of prevention of dental caries. IOSR-JDMS, 2014;13:64-70. DOI: https://doi.org/10.9790/0853-13126470
Suliaman, A. Oral health status and cariogenic microflora during pregnancy. A master thesis, College of Dentistry, Univer-sity of Baghdad, 1995.
Yas, B. Evaluation of oral health status treatment needs knowledge, attitude and behavior of pregnant women in Baghdad governorate. M. Sc., Thesis, College of Dentistry, University of Baghdad, 2004.
Al-Zaidi, W. Oral immune proteins and salivary constituents in relation to oral health status among pregnant women. Ph. D. thesis, College of Dentistry, University of Baghdad, 2007.
Issa, Z. Oral health status among groups of pregnant and lactating women in relation to salivary constituents and physical properties. Master Thesis submitted to the College of Dentistry, University of Baghdad, 2011.
Mutlak NQ. Selected Salivary Physico-Chemical Characteristics in Relation to Oral Health Status for a sample of Pregnant Women. University of Baghdad. 2016.Tenovuo J, Lagerlöf F.Saliva, 1996 In: Textbook of clinical cariology. In: Thylstrup A and Fejerskov O, eds.
2nd ed. Munksgaard, Copenhagen: Denmark; P.17-44.
World Health Organization. Oral health surveys: basic methods. World Health Organization; 2013.
Hussein ZM. Dental caries and treatment needs among 16-18 years old high school girls, in relation to oral cleanliness, Parent's education and nutritional status. Al-Mussayb city/Babylon governorate/Iraq. Master thesis, College of Dentistry, University of Baghdad. 2014.
Hiremath, S. Textbook of preventive and community dentistry, 2011;Elsevier India.
Rao, A. Principles and practice of pedodontics, 2012; JP Medical Ltd.
Siddiqui, T. M., Akram, S., Wali, A., Mahmood, P., Rais, S. Dental caries and gingivitis amongst pregnant women: A sample from urban and rural areas of karachi. Pak Oral Dent J, 201838:88-91.
Hujoel PP. Vitamin D and dental caries in controlled clinical trials: systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutr Rev. Feb 2013;71(2):88-97. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.2012.00544.x
Mital, P., Agarwal, A., Raisingani, D., Mital, P., Hooja, N., Jain, P. Dental caries and gingivitis in pregnant women. Age, 2013;25:166.
Silk, H., Douglass, A. B., Douglass, J. M., Silk, L. Oral health during pregnancy. Am Fam Physician, 2008;77: 1139-1144.
Wilson, L. R., Tripkovic, L., Hart, K. H., Lanham-New, S. A. Vitamin D deficiency as a public health issue: using vitamin D2 or vitamin D3 in future fortification strategies. Proc Nutr Soc, 2017;76:392-399. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0029665117000349
Botelho, J., Machado, V., Proenca, L., Delgado, A. S., Mendes, J. J. Vitamin D deficiency and oral health: A comprehensive review. Nutrients, 2020;12:1471. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12051471
D’ortenzio, L., Kahlon, B., Peacock, T., Salahuddin, H., Brickley, M. The rachitic tooth: Refining the use of interglobular dentine in diagnosing vitamin D deficiency. Int J Paleopathol,2018; 22:101-108. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpp.2018.07.001
Foster, B. L., Nociti JR, F. H., Somerman, M. J. The rachitic tooth. Endocr Rev, 2014;35:1-34. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1210/er.2013-1009