Experimental In vitro Study to Assess the Antibacte-rial Activity of Thymus vulgaris Oil on Streptococ-cus Sanguinis
Main Article Content
Abstract
Background: The Streptococcus genus are the predominant bacteria in the mouth and the Streptococcus sanguinis is one of them which performing a primary function for expansion of dental biofilm. Gingival and periodontal disorders are caused by dental biofilm, today, there is a necessity to discover naturally presenting antibacterial compounds from herbs with less side effects as a substitutive to the commonly handled chlorohexidine. Thus, the purpose of this study was to assess the antibacterial activity of thymus vulgaris oil on Streptococcus sanguinis bacteria In vitro. Materials and Methods: Human supragingival plaque samples were taken from 10 subjects, then morphological and microscopical examination, biochemical tests, Optochin test, hemolytic ability test and conventional polymerase chain reaction test was applied to assure coincidence of Streptococcus sanguinis. The sensitivity of bacteria to Thymus vulgaris oil, the minimum concentration that inhibit the growth and killed the test bacteria were identified a partly as comparable to 0.2% chlorhexidine as a positive control and10 % dimethyl sulphoxide as a negative control. Results: Thymus vulgaris oil presented a significant antibacterial property on Streptococcus sanguinis with several grades of inhibition zones. When compared to Chlorohexidine, Thymus vulgaris oil had stronger antibacterial properties. The minimum concentration that inhibited the growth and killed Streptococcus sanguinis was (0.09%). Conclusion: Thymus vulgaris oil displayed higher antibacterial action with each concentration on Streptococcus sanguinis as compared to Chlorohexidine, therefore; it can be used as a natural substitutive oral health care product to Chlorohexidine.
Received date: 15-01-2022
Accepted date: 26-02-2022
Downloads
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Licenses and Copyright
The following policy applies in The Journal of Baghdad College of Dentistry (JBCD):
# JBCD applies the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license to articles and other works we publish. If you submit your paper for publication by JBCD, you agree to have the CC BY license applied to your work. Under this Open Access license, you as the author agree that anyone can reuse your article in whole or part for any purpose, for free, even for commercial purposes. Anyone may copy, distribute, or reuse the content as long as the author and original source are properly cited. This facilitates freedom in re-use and also ensures that JBCD content can be mined without barriers for the needs of research.
# If your manuscript contains content such as photos, images, figures, tables, audio files, videos, etc., that you or your co-authors do not own, we will require you to provide us with proof that the owner of that content (a) has given you written permission to use it, and (b) has approved of the CC BY license being applied to their content. We provide a form you can use to ask for and obtain permission from the owner. If you do not have owner permission, we will ask you to remove that content and/or replace it with other content that you own or have such permission to use.Don't assume that you can use any content you find on the Internet, or that the content is fair game just because it isn't clear who the owner is or what license applies.
# Many authors assume that if they previously published a paper through another publisher, they own the rights to that content and they can freely use that content in their paper, but that’s not necessarily the case, it depends on the license that covers the other paper. Some publishers allow free and unrestricted re-use of article content they own, such as under the CC BY license. Other publishers use licenses that allow re-use only if the same license is applied by the person or publisher re-using the content. If the paper was published under a CC BY license or another license that allows free and unrestricted use, you may use the content in your JBCD paper provided that you give proper attribution, as explained above.If the content was published under a more restrictive license, you must ascertain what rights you have under that license. At a minimum, review the license to make sure you can use the content. Contact that JBCD if you have any questions about the license. If the license does not permit you to use the content in a paper that will be covered by an unrestricted license, you must obtain written permission from the publisher to use the content in your JBCD paper. Please do not include any content in your JBCD paper which you do not have rights to use, and always give proper attribution.
# If any relevant accompanying data is submitted to repositories with stated licensing policies, the policies should not be more restrictive than CC BY.
# JBCD reserves the right to remove any photos, captures, images, figures, tables, illustrations, audio and video files, and the like, from any paper, whether before or after publication, if we have reason to believe that the content was included in your paper without permission from the owner of the content.
How to Cite
Publication Dates
References
Zhou X, Li Y. Atlas of oral microbiology: From healthy microflora to disease: Springer Nature; 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-7899-1
Bathla S. Periodontics revisited: JP Medical Ltd; 2011.
McGrath C, Zhou N, Wong HM. A systematic review and meta-analysis of dental plaque control among children and ado-lescents with intellectual disabilities. 2019;32(3):522-32. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jar.12561
Takenaka S, Ohsumi T, Noiri Y. Evidence-based strategy for dental biofilms: Current evidence of mouthwashes on dental biofilm and gingivitis. Jpn Dent Sci Rev. 2019;55(1):33-40. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdsr.2018.07.001
Jafer M, Patil S, Hosmani J, Bhandi SH, Chalisserry EP, Anil S. Chemical Plaque Control Strategies in the Prevention of Bio-film-associated Oral Diseases. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2016;17(4):337-43. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1851
Supranoto S, Slot D, Addy M, Van der Weijden G. The effect of chlorhexidine dentifrice or gel versus chlorhexidine mouthwash on plaque, gingivitis, bleeding and tooth discoloration: a systematic review. Int J Dent Hyg. 2015;13(2):83-92. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/idh.12078
James P, Worthington HV, Parnell C, Harding M, Lamont T, Cheung A, et al. Chlorhexidine mouthrinse as an adjunctive treatment for gingival health. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;3(3):CD008676. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD008676.pub2
Mehta S, Pesapathy S, Joseph M, Tiwari PK, Chawla S. Comparative evaluation of a herbal mouthwash (Freshol) with chlorhexidine on plaque accumulation, gingival inflammation, and salivary Streptococcus mutans growth. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent. 2013;3(1):25–8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/2231-0762.115717
Kryvtsova M, Salamon I, Koscova J, Bucko D, Spivak M. Antimicrobial, antibiofilm and biochemichal properties of Thymus vulgaris essential oil against clinical isolates of opportunistic infections. Biosyst Divers. 2019;27(3):270-5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15421/011936
Micucci M, Protti M, Aldini R, Frosini M, Corazza I, Marzetti C, et al. Thymus vulgaris L. essential oil solid formulation: chemical profile and spasmolytic and antimicrobial effects. Biomolecules. 2020;10(6):860. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/biom10060860
Denepitiya L, Kleinberg I. A comparison of the microbial compositions of pooled human dental plaque and salivary sedi-ment. Arch Oral Biol. 1982;27(9):739-45. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-9969(82)90023-1
Hoshino T, Kawaguchi M, Shimizu N, Hoshino N, Ooshima T, Fujiwara T. PCR detection and identification of oral strep-tococci in saliva samples using gtf genes. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2004;48(3):195-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2003.10.002
Obaid Z. M. AMA-A. Anti-Bacterial Effects of Commiphora Myrrha and Ziziphus Spina-Christ Leaves Extracts Against Streptococcus Mitis (Primary Colonizer of Dental Plaque) In vitro Study. J Res Med Dent Sci. 2020;8(3):57-64.
England P. Identification of Streptococcus species, Enterococcus species and morphologically similar organisms. UK Stand Microbiol Investig. 2014; 4:1-36.
Smith AC, Hussey MA. Gram stain protocols. American society for microbiology. 2005; 1:14.
Reiner K. Catalase test protocol. American society for microbiology. 2010 Nov 11:1-6.
Buxton R. Blood agar plates and hemolysis protocols. American Society for Microbiology. 2005 Sep 30:1-9.
Cavalieri S, Harbeck R, McCarter Y, Ortez J, Rankin I, Sautter R, et al. Manual of antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Amer-ican Society for Microbiology. PAHO: Washington, DC, USA. 2005.
Razak FA, Othman RY, Abd Rahim ZH. The effect of Piper betle and Psidium guajava extracts on the cell-surface hydro-phobicity of selected early settlers of dental plaque. J Oral Sci. 2006;48(2):71-5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2334/josnusd.48.71
Abdulbaqi HR, Himratul-Aznita WH, Baharuddin NA. Anti-plaque effect of a synergistic combination of green tea and Salvadora persica L. against primary colonizers of dental plaque. Arch Oral Biol. 2016; 70:117-24. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archoralbio.2016.06.011
Fani M, Kohanteb J. In vitro antimicrobial activity of Thymus vulgaris essential oil against major oral pathogens. J evid-based complement altern med. 2017;22(4):660-6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2156587217700772
Thosar N, Basak S, Bahadure RN, Rajurkar M. Antimicrobial efficacy of five essential oils against oral pathogens: An in vitro study. Eur J Dent. 2013;7(S 01): S071-S7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/1305-7456.119078
de Carvalho RJ, de Souza GT, Honório VG, de Sousa JP, da Conceição ML, Maganani M, et al. Comparative inhibitory effects of Thymus vulgaris L. essential oil against Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes and mesophilic starter co-culture in cheese-mimicking models. Food Microbiol. 2015; 52:59-65. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fm.2015.07.003
Tuttolomondo T, Dugo G, Ruberto G, Leto C, Napoli EM, Cicero N, et al. Study of quantitative and qualitative variations in essential oils of Sicilian Rosmarinus officinalis L. Nat Prod Res. 2015;29(20):1928-34. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2015.1010084
Schött G, Liesegang S, Gaunitz F, Gleß A, Basche S, Hannig C, et al. The chemical composition of the pharmacologically ac-tive Thymus species, its antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans and the antiadherent effects of T. vulgaris on the bacterial colonization of the in situ pellicle. Fitoterapia. 2017; 121:118-28. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2017.07.005
de Oliveira MA, da C Vegian MR, Brighenti FL, Salvador MJ, Koga-Ito CY. Antibiofilm effects of Thymus vulgaris and Hyptis spicigera essential oils on cariogenic bacteria. Future Microbiol. 2021;16(4):241-55. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2217/fmb-2020-0181
Rota MC, Herrera A, Martínez RM, Sotomayor JA, Jordán MJ. Antimicrobial activity and chemical composition of Thymus vulgaris, Thymus zygis and Thymus hyemalis essential oils. Food control. 2008;19(7):681-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2007.07.007
Liu T, Kang J, Liu L. Thymol as a critical component of Thymus vulgaris L. essential oil combats Pseudomonas aeruginosa by intercalating DNA and inactivating biofilm. LWT. 2021; 136:110354. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2020.110354
Lambert R, Skandamis PN, Coote PJ, Nychas GJ. A study of the minimum inhibitory concentration and mode of action of oregano essential oil, thymol and carvacrol. J Appl Microbiol. 2001;91(3):453-62. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2672.2001.01428.x
Burt S. Essential oils: their antibacterial properties and potential applications in foods--a review. Int J Food Microbiol. 2004;94(3):223-53. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2004.03.022
Rudramurthy GR, Swamy MK, Sinniah UR, Ghasemzadeh A. Nanoparticles: alternatives against drug-resistant pathogenic microbes. Molecules. 2016;21(7):836. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules21070836
Sienkiewicz M, Łysakowska M, Denys P, Kowalczyk E. The antimicrobial activity of thyme essential oil against multidrug resistant clinical bacterial strains. Microb Drug Resist. 2012;18(2):137-48. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1089/mdr.2011.0080
Tardugno R, Pellati F, Iseppi R, Bondi M, Bruzzesi G, Benvenuti S. Phytochemical composition and in vitro screening of the antimicrobial activity of essential oils on oral pathogenic bacteria. Nat Prod Res. 2018;32(5):544-51. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2017.1329730
Nikolić M, Glamočlija J, Ferreira IC, Calhelha RC, Fernandes Â, Marković T, et al. Chemical composition, antimicrobial, an-tioxidant and antitumor activity of Thymus serpyllum L., Thymus algeriensis Boiss. and Reut and Thymus vulgaris L. es-sential oils. Ind Crops Prod. 2014; 52:183-90. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2013.10.006
Imelouane B, Amhamdi H, Wathelet J-P, Ankit M, Khedid K, El Bachiri A. Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oil of thyme (Thymus vulgaris) from Eastern Morocco. Int J Agric Biol. 2009;11(2):205-8.
Rodriguez-Garcia A, Galan-Wong LJ, Arevalo-Niño K. Development and in vitro evaluation of biopolymers as a delivery system against periodontopathogen microorganisms. Acta Odontol Latinoam. 2010;23(2):158-63.
Hernndeza T, Canalesa M, Durana A, Garcaa AM, Avilaa JG, Hernndez-Portillab L, et al. Variation in the hexanic extract composition of Lippia graveolens in an arid zone from Mexico: environmental influence or true chemotypes? Open plant sci j. 2009;3(1): 29-34. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2174/1874294700903010029
Soković MD, Vukojević J, Marin PD, Brkić DD, Vajs V, Van Griensven LJ. Chemical composition of essential oilsof thymus and mentha speciesand their antifungal activities. Molecules. 2009;14(1):238-49. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules14010238
Al-Badr RJ, Al-Huwaizi HF. Effect of Tea Tree, Thymus Vulgaris and Nigella Sativa Oils on The Elimination of Enterococcus Faecalis (In Vitro Study). J Bagh Coll Dent. 2017;29(1):55-62. DOI: https://doi.org/10.12816/0038623