Evaluation of titanium dioxide and tantalum pentoxide nanoparticles for coating NiTi archwires in orthodontics: An in vitro study
Main Article Content
Abstract
Background: This study aims to enhance the biocompatibility of Nickel–Titanium (NiTi) alloy by developing a new coating using titanium dioxide (TiO2) and titanium pentoxide (Ta2O5) through direct current (DC) reactive sputtering technology. Materials and methods: Two distinct coating materials, namely, TiO2 and Ta2O5, were used to fabricate NiTi orthodontic archwires with improved surface properties. TiO2 nanoparticles, with thickness ranging from 21.90 nm to 31.93 nm, were deposited onto NiTi alloy substrates through DC reactive sputtering deposition under different power conditions. Results: X-ray diffraction and field emission scanning electron microscopy validated the uniformity and morphology of the coatings. Immersion tests in simulated body fluid (SBF) revealed significant hydroxyapatite layer growth on TiO2-coated NiTi, especially at a sputtering power of 240 W. Reduced nickel ion release was observed on TiO2 nanoparticles with a thickness of 21.90 nm at 50 W sputtering power compared with 31.93 nm-thick nanoparticles at 240 W. Ta2O5 thin films were deposited on NiTi substrates through DC magnetron reactive sputtering at ~100 °C with a deposition power of 50 W. Structural and morphological analyses through optical microscopy and X-ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy revealed the homogeneity and low roughness of the coatings. Biocompatibility assessments in artificial saliva and SBF solutions established that Ta2O5-coated NiTi alloys exhibited superior electrochemical behavior, enhanced corrosion resistance, and diminished Ni ion release compared with uncoated specimens. Conclusion: TiO2 and Ta2O5 coatings not only improved the biocompatibility of NiTi orthodontic archwires but also presented a promising path for advanced biomedical applications. These coatings have potential in improving the cellular behavior and performance of NiTi-based orthodontic devices.
Downloads
Article Details
Issue
Section
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Licenses and Copyright
The following policy applies in The Journal of Baghdad College of Dentistry (JBCD):
# JBCD applies the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license to articles and other works we publish. If you submit your paper for publication by JBCD, you agree to have the CC BY license applied to your work. Under this Open Access license, you as the author agree that anyone can reuse your article in whole or part for any purpose, for free, even for commercial purposes. Anyone may copy, distribute, or reuse the content as long as the author and original source are properly cited. This facilitates freedom in re-use and also ensures that JBCD content can be mined without barriers for the needs of research.
# If your manuscript contains content such as photos, images, figures, tables, audio files, videos, etc., that you or your co-authors do not own, we will require you to provide us with proof that the owner of that content (a) has given you written permission to use it, and (b) has approved of the CC BY license being applied to their content. We provide a form you can use to ask for and obtain permission from the owner. If you do not have owner permission, we will ask you to remove that content and/or replace it with other content that you own or have such permission to use.Don't assume that you can use any content you find on the Internet, or that the content is fair game just because it isn't clear who the owner is or what license applies.
# Many authors assume that if they previously published a paper through another publisher, they own the rights to that content and they can freely use that content in their paper, but that’s not necessarily the case, it depends on the license that covers the other paper. Some publishers allow free and unrestricted re-use of article content they own, such as under the CC BY license. Other publishers use licenses that allow re-use only if the same license is applied by the person or publisher re-using the content. If the paper was published under a CC BY license or another license that allows free and unrestricted use, you may use the content in your JBCD paper provided that you give proper attribution, as explained above.If the content was published under a more restrictive license, you must ascertain what rights you have under that license. At a minimum, review the license to make sure you can use the content. Contact that JBCD if you have any questions about the license. If the license does not permit you to use the content in a paper that will be covered by an unrestricted license, you must obtain written permission from the publisher to use the content in your JBCD paper. Please do not include any content in your JBCD paper which you do not have rights to use, and always give proper attribution.
# If any relevant accompanying data is submitted to repositories with stated licensing policies, the policies should not be more restrictive than CC BY.
# JBCD reserves the right to remove any photos, captures, images, figures, tables, illustrations, audio and video files, and the like, from any paper, whether before or after publication, if we have reason to believe that the content was included in your paper without permission from the owner of the content.
How to Cite
References
AlQuraini N, Shah R, Cunningham SJ. Perceptions of outcomes of orthodontic treatment in adolescent patients: a qualitative study. Eur J Orthod. 2019;41(3):294–300.
Katada H. Esthetic Improvement through Orthodontic Treatment Involving Extraction: Use of Orthodontic Anchor Screws. Bull Tokyo Dent Coll. 2018;60(2):115–29.
Al-Khatieeb MM, Mohammed SA, Al-Attar AM. Evaluation of a New Orthodontic Bonding System: Beauty Ortho Bond. J Bagh Coll Dent. 2015;27(1):175–81.
Abid M, Alhuwaizi A, Al-Attar A. Do orthodontists aim to decrease the duration of fixed appliance treatment? J Orthod Sci. 2021;10(1):6.
Saloom HF, Papageorgiou SN, Carpenter GH, Cobourne MT. Impact of Obesity on Orthodontic Tooth Movement in Adolescents: A Prospective Clinical Cohort Study. J Dent Res. 2017;96(5):547–54.
Kareem YM, Hamad TI, AL-Rawas M. Evaluating the effect of barium titanate nanofiller addition on the thermal conductivity and physio-mechanical properties of maxillofacial silicone. J Bagh Coll Dent. 2024;36(2):20–33.
Alkhawaja HAA, Al Haidar AHMJ. Effect of a novel coating material on the microleakage of glass hybrid restoration in primary teeth – An in vitro study. J Bagh Coll Dent. 2023;35(1):20–6.
Castro SM, Ponces MJ, Lopes JD, Vasconcelos M, Pollmann MCF. Orthodontic wires and its corrosion—The specific case of stainless steel and beta-titanium. J Dent Sci. 2015;10(1):1–7.
Sifakakis I, Eliades T. Adverse reactions to orthodontic materials. Aust Dent J. 2017;62(S1):20–8.
Ratner BD. A pore way to heal and regenerate: 21st century thinking on biocompatibility. Regen Biomater. 2016;3(2):107–10.
Pilar Shetty B, Subramanya R, Reddy S, Shetty V. An overview on biocompatibility and failure analysis of acrylonitrile butadiene steryene based laryngoscope. Suranaree J Sci Technol. 2023;30(1):010192(1-9).
Li Q, Zeng Y, Tang X. The applications and research progresses of nickel–titanium shape memory alloy in reconstructive surgery. Australas Phys Eng Sci Med. 2010;33(2):129–36.
Sharma N, Jangra K, Raj T. Applications of Nickel-Titanium Alloy. J Eng Technol. 2015;5(1):1.
Singh A, Sharma S, Batra P, Arora N, Kannan S. Effects of different storage temperatures on the properties of nonlatex orthodontic modules. Indian J Dent Res. 2022;33(4):350.
Tan L, Crone WC. Surface characterization of NiTi modified by plasma source ion implantation. Acta Mater. 2002;50(18):4449–60.
Nazarahari A, Canadinc D. Prediction of the NiTi shape memory alloy composition with the best corrosion resistance for dental applications utilizing artificial intelligence. Mater Chem Phys. 2021;258:123974.
Quazi MM, Ishak M, Fazal MA, Arslan A, Rubaiee S, Aiman MH, et al. A comprehensive assessment of laser welding of biomedical devices and implant materials: recent research, development and applications. Crit Rev Solid State Mater Sci. 2020;46(2):109–51.
Nsaif YA, Mahmood AB. Effect of Fluoride Agent on the Load Deflection of Rhodium-Coated Arch Wires; An In-Vitro Study. Indian J Public Health Res Dev. 2019;10(2):823.
Mahmood AB. Coated stainless steel archwires’ discoloration measured by computerized system (An in-vitro study). J Bagh Coll Dent. 2020;32(4):1–4.
Mohsin SK. An Evaluation of Corrosion Pits in Esthetic Coated Stainless Steel Orthodontic Archwires in Dry and Wet Environment at Different Intervals: An in Vitro Study. J Bagh Coll Dent. 2016;28(1):153–7.
Muayad NS, Ghaib NH. The Effect of Artificial Saliva on the Surface Roughness of Different Esthetic Archwires: An in Vitro Study. J Bagh Coll Dent. 2017;29(3):106–12.
Gao W, Li Z. ZnO thin films produced by magnetron sputtering. Ceram Int. 2004;30(7):1155–9.
Xu Y, Li G, Li G, Gao F, Xia Y. Effect of bias voltage on the growth of super-hard (AlCrTiVZr)N high-entropy alloy nitride films synthesized by high power impulse magnetron sputtering. Appl Surf Sci. 2021;564:150417.
Chan KY, Teo BS. Effect of Ar pressure on grain size of magnetron sputter-deposited Cu thin films. IET Sci Meas Technol. 2007;1(2):87–90.
Zhou Y, Zheng HF, Zhao G, Li M, Liu BT. Influence of Sputtering Power on Structural and Optical Properties of ZnO Films Fabricated by RF Magnetron Sputtering. Adv Mater Res. 2014;1053:325–31.
Muniz FTL, Miranda MAR, Morilla dos Santos C, Sasaki JM. The Scherrer equation and the dynamical theory of X-ray diffraction. Acta Crystallogr A Found Adv. 2016;72(3):385–90.
Cougnon F, Depla D. The Seebeck Coefficient of Sputter Deposited Metallic Thin Films: The Role of Process Conditions. Coatings. 2019;9(5):299.
Panjan P, Drnovšek A, Gselman P, Čekada M, Panjan M. Review of Growth Defects in Thin Films Prepared by PVD Techniques. Coatings. 2020;10(5):447.
Ulkareem MA, Noori FTM, Khalaf MK. Corrosion resistance of Ti6Al4V alloy by Radio Frequency Technique used for Coating Deposition of multilayer (HA/TiN/Ti6Al4V-substrate) for Optimization power. IOP Conf Ser Mater Sci Eng. 2020;757(1):012047.
Amor SB, Baud G, Besse JP, Jacquet M. Structural and optical properties of sputtered Titania films. Mater Sci Eng B. 1997;47(2):110–8.
Ohya S, Chiaro B, Megrant A, Neill C, Barends R, Chen Y, et al. Room temperature deposition of sputtered TiN films for superconducting coplanar waveguide resonators. Supercond Sci Technol. 2013;27(1):015009.
Hrbek J. Sputtering of metals in the presence of reactive gases. Thin Solid Films. 1977;42(2):185–191.
Soltabayev B, Yergaliuly G, Ajjaq A, Beldeubayev A, Acar S, Bakenov Z, et al. Quick NO Gas Sensing by Ti-Doped Flower–Rod-like ZnO Structures Synthesized by the SILAR Method. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2022;14(36):41555–70.
Torres-Costa V, Martín-Palma RJ. Optical properties of porous silicon materials. Porous Silicon Biomed Appl. 2021;183–222.
Kumar Rajak D, Pagar DD, Menezes PL, Eyvazian A. Friction-based welding processes: friction welding and friction stir welding. J Adhes Sci Technol. 2020;34(24):2613–37.
Bae D, Gho J, Shin M, Kwon S. Effect of zinc addition on properties of cadmium sulfide layer and performance of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cell. Thin Solid Films. 2013;535:162–165.
Welzel U, Ligot J, Lamparter P, Vermeulen AC, Mittemeijer EJ. Stress analysis of polycrystalline thin films and surface regions by X-ray diffraction. J Appl Crystallogr. 2005;38(1):1–29.
Rauuf AF, Aadim KA. Effect of Annealing Times on the Structural and Optical Properties of PbO Thin Films Prepared by D.C Sputtering. Iraqi J Sci. 2023;2877–88.
Lee JH, Jang HL, Lee KM, Baek HR, Jin K, Hong KS, et al. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of the bioactivity of hydroxyapatite-coated polyetheretherketone biocomposites created by cold spray technology. Acta Biomater. 2013;9(4):6177–87.
Al-Hasan R, Al-Taee L. Interfacial Bond Strength and Morphology of Sound and Caries-affected Dentin Surfaces Bonded to Two Resin-modified Glass Ionomer Cements. Oper Dent. 2022;47(4):E188–E196..
Al-Oubidy EA, Kadhim FJ. Photocatalytic activity of anatase titanium dioxide nanostructures prepared by reactive magnetron sputtering technique. Opt Quantum Electron. 2019;51(1).
Firouzabadi SS, Naderi M, Dehghani K, Mahboubi F. Effect of nitrogen flow ratio on nano-mechanical properties of tantalum nitride thin film. J Alloys Compd. 2017;719:63–70.
Durante O, Di Giorgio C, Granata V, Neilson J, Fittipaldi R, Vecchione A, et al. Emergence and Evolution of Crystallization in TiO2 Thin Films: A Structural and Morphological Study. Nanomaterials. 2021;11(6):1409.
Taratuta A, Lisoń-Kubica J, Paszenda Z, Szewczenko J, Kazek-Kęsik A, Opilski Z, et al. Influence of passive layer fabrication method on physicochemical and antimicrobial properties of the Ta2O5 layer on NiTi alloy. Vacuum. 2023;214:112187.
Guillén C, Herrero J. TiO2 coatings obtained by reactive sputtering at room temperature: Physical properties as a function of the sputtering pressure and film thickness. Thin Solid Films. 2017;636:193–199.
Ramos-Corella KJ, Sotelo-Lerma M, Gil-Salido AA, Rubio-Pino JL, Auciello O, Quevedo-López MA. Controlling crystalline phase of TiO2 thin films to evaluate its biocompatibility. Mater Technol. 2019;34(8):455–62.
Gupta BK, Kulshrestha S, Agarwal AK. Friction and wear behavior of ion-plated lead–tin coatings. J Vac Sci Technol A. 1987;5(3):358–63.