Evaluation of alpha amylase and peroxidase in saliva of pregnant women
Main Article Content
Abstract
Background: Pregnancy is a natural physiological state that involves several biochemical modifications. Saliva is consisted of many types of proteins such as salivary alpha amylase and salivary peroxidase that might be affected by pregnancy. The former enzyme is considered one of the most prevalent proteins that is released by highly differentiated epithelial acinar cells and has been shown to have enzymatic activities while the latter has been approved that it has a significant role in oral health. The purpose of this study was to the evaluate the salivary levels of alpha-amylase and peroxidase in pregnant and non-pregnant women. Materials and Methods: Sixty pregnant women were grouped according to the pregnancy trimesters. The first group involved 20 women in the 1st trimester, 2nd group represented by 20 women in the 2nd trimester while the 3rd group involved the rest who were in the 3rd trimester. In addition to 20 married non pregnant women as a control group. Salivary samples were collected from each group to compare the salivary level of alpha-amylase and peroxidase using sandwich enzyme-linked immune-sorbent assay. Results: 2nd and 3rd groups illustrated high significant level of theses enzymes in comparison with the control group. However, the first group demonstrated non-significant differences in the level of tested enzymes when compared to that of the control group. Conclusion: It was concluded that the salivary alpha amylase and salivary peroxidase have higher levels in pregnant women with dramatic increase for those in the third trimester.
Downloads
Article Details
Issue
Section
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Licenses and Copyright
The following policy applies in The Journal of Baghdad College of Dentistry (JBCD):
# JBCD applies the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license to articles and other works we publish. If you submit your paper for publication by JBCD, you agree to have the CC BY license applied to your work. Under this Open Access license, you as the author agree that anyone can reuse your article in whole or part for any purpose, for free, even for commercial purposes. Anyone may copy, distribute, or reuse the content as long as the author and original source are properly cited. This facilitates freedom in re-use and also ensures that JBCD content can be mined without barriers for the needs of research.
# If your manuscript contains content such as photos, images, figures, tables, audio files, videos, etc., that you or your co-authors do not own, we will require you to provide us with proof that the owner of that content (a) has given you written permission to use it, and (b) has approved of the CC BY license being applied to their content. We provide a form you can use to ask for and obtain permission from the owner. If you do not have owner permission, we will ask you to remove that content and/or replace it with other content that you own or have such permission to use.Don't assume that you can use any content you find on the Internet, or that the content is fair game just because it isn't clear who the owner is or what license applies.
# Many authors assume that if they previously published a paper through another publisher, they own the rights to that content and they can freely use that content in their paper, but that’s not necessarily the case, it depends on the license that covers the other paper. Some publishers allow free and unrestricted re-use of article content they own, such as under the CC BY license. Other publishers use licenses that allow re-use only if the same license is applied by the person or publisher re-using the content. If the paper was published under a CC BY license or another license that allows free and unrestricted use, you may use the content in your JBCD paper provided that you give proper attribution, as explained above.If the content was published under a more restrictive license, you must ascertain what rights you have under that license. At a minimum, review the license to make sure you can use the content. Contact that JBCD if you have any questions about the license. If the license does not permit you to use the content in a paper that will be covered by an unrestricted license, you must obtain written permission from the publisher to use the content in your JBCD paper. Please do not include any content in your JBCD paper which you do not have rights to use, and always give proper attribution.
# If any relevant accompanying data is submitted to repositories with stated licensing policies, the policies should not be more restrictive than CC BY.
# JBCD reserves the right to remove any photos, captures, images, figures, tables, illustrations, audio and video files, and the like, from any paper, whether before or after publication, if we have reason to believe that the content was included in your paper without permission from the owner of the content.
How to Cite
References
Mutlak NQ , Yas BA. Dental caries severity in relation to selected salivary variables among a group of pregnant women in Baghdad city/Iraq. J. Baghdad Coll. Dent. 2017;29(2):115-121.
Al-Najjar SN , Hussein B. Oxidative status among a group of pregnant women in relation to gingival health condition. J. Baghdad Coll. Dent.2019; 31(4).
Kivelä J., Laine M., Parkkila S., Rajaniemi H. Salivary carbonic anhydrase VI and its relation to salivary flow rate and buffer capacity in pregnant and non-pregnant women. Arch Oral Biol.2003; 48(8): 547-551.
Dawood IM., El-Samarrai SK .Saliva and Oral Health. Int. J. Adv. Res. Biol. Sci. 2018 ;5(7): 1-45.
Van 't Hof W., Veerman EC., Nieuw Amerongen AV., Ligtenberg AJ. Antimicrobial Defense Systems in Saliva. . Monogr Oral Sci 2014; 24:40-51.
Peyrot des Gachons C , Breslin PA. Salivary amylase: digestion and metabolic syndrome. Curr Diab Rep.2016;16(10):102.
Gong K, Mailloux L, Herzberg MC. Salivary film expresses a complex, macro molecular binding site for Streptococcus sanguis, J. Biol. Chem.2000; 275 (12): 8970–8974.
Bafort F, Parisi O, Perraudin JP, Jijakli MH. Mode of action of lactoperoxida se as related to its antimicrobial activity: A review. Enzyme Res. 2014;517164.
Ihalin R, Loimaranta V, Tenovuo J. Origin, structure, and biological activitie s of peroxidases in human saliva. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2006; 445(2):261-8.
Courtois P. Oral peroxidases: From antimicrobial agents to ecological actors (Review). Molecular Medicine Reports.2021; 24(1): 500.
Navazesh M ,Kumer SK. Measuring salivary flow. J. AM. D. Ass. 2008; 139: 35-40.
Rio R, Azevedo Á., Simões-Silva L., Marinho J., Silva MJ., Sampaio-Maia B. The biochemistry of saliva throughout pregnancy. Med Express. 2015;2(5).
Salvolini E, Di Giorgio R, Curatola A , Mazzanti L , Fratto G. Biochemical modifications of human whole saliva induced by pregnancy. Br J Obstet gynaecology.1998;105(6):656-60.
Guglielminotti J, Dehoux M, Mentré F, Bedairia E, Montravers P, Desmonts JM, Longrois D.Int J Obstet Anesth. 2012 Jan;21(1):35-9.
Jaju JB, PraveenaVithpala AA, Doddi B, Poduri S. Salivary alpha amylase activity in pregnant and non-Pregnant females. Indian J Obst Gynecol Res. 2019; 6:165–168.
Braithwaite EC , Ramchandani PG, Lane TA, Murphy SE. Symptoms of prenatal depression are associated with raised salivary alpha-amylase levels. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2015; 60:163-72.
Shirzaiy M , Dalirsani Z. Comparison of Salivary Alpha-Amylase, Sialic Acid, and pH in Pregnant and Nonpregnant Subjects. Eur J Gen Dent 2021; 10:25–29.
Damirchi A, Kiani M , Jafarian V , Sariri R. Response of salivary peroxidase to exercise intensity. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2010;108(6):1233-7.
Laine M , Tenovuo J , Lehtonen OP, Ojanotko-Harri A , Vilja P, Tuohimaa P. Pregnancy-related changes in human whole saliva. Arch Oral Biol. 1988;33(12):913-917.
Rosado A , Delgado NM , Velazquez A , Aznar R , Martinez-Manautou J. Cyclic changes in salivary activity of N-acetyl-beta-d-glucosaminidase. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1977;128(5):560-565.
Kumar P, Magon N. Hormones in pregnancy . Niger Med J. 2012 Oct-Dec; 53(4): 179–183.